Afrḍis akimyan

Amnni ad icqqa ad t tfhmt ! Amnni ad gis kra n iwaliwn nna ur iẓḍaṛ yan ad tn ifhm iɣ ur issin ɣ umawal iẓlin n tutlayt Taclḥiyt tatrart. Mad igan afssay ? Fad ad tfhmt mad gis illan tzḍart ad tawst i yixf nnk s umawal lli illan ɣ izddar akkʷ n tasna. Iɣ t ur tufit, tzḍart ad nn taggʷt ɣ imawaln d isgzawaln.

Yat twlaft n yan rrasm ar aɣ immal manik ayga cckl n ufrḍis akimyan

Afrḍis akimyan nɣ Afrdis akruran (s tfransist: élément chimique) iga tagrumma n iblkimn (atoms) ttuẓlaynin s yan wuṭṭun imdn n ipruṭunn ɣ tuẓẓmt nnsn. Uṭṭun ad, ar tt nttara s Z, ar as nttini uṭṭun ablkiman n ufrdis akruran. Ar ttuswttant, ɣ tilawt, tɣariwin tikruranin n ablkim s tuẓka nnsn talikṭrunant iqqnn s wuṭṭun n ipruṭunn n tuẓẓumt nnsn, aynna yakkan mas d iblkimn aksulnin ɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman ar asn ttiksilnt tɣariwin tikruranin. Ɣ unmgal, ẓḍarn iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan ad ilin yan wuṭṭun imzarayn n inuṭrunn ɣ tuẓẓumt nnsn, ar asn nttini ɣ waddad ad iẓutupn.

Ahidrujin, akarbun, aẓut, uksijin, uzzal, anas, aẓrf, urɣ, atg. gan ifrdisn ikrurann. Ku yan gisn ar ittugnsas s yat tngalt takrurant: H, C, N, O, F, Cu, Ag, Au, atg. S umata, ttyufan ar ɣassa 118 n ifrdisn ikrurann, zɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman 1 ar 118. Gisn 94 n ifrdisn ttusmagin f wakal ɣ wammas agaman, ilin 80 darsn s tdrsi yan uẓutup izgan (lan akk ifrdisn ad yan wuṭṭun ablkiman imẓẓiyn f nɣ igda 82 abla ifrdisn 43 d 61).

Ɣiyn ifrdisn ikrurann ad munn ɣ tizi n imyaggatn ikrurann ssilɣn yat tartalla n wuddisn ikrurann. Aman, s umdya, gan tayafut n tamunt n wuksijin d uhidrujin, aynna aɣ yakkan afnuz bu tnfalit takrurant H2O — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d yan n wuksijin. Iẓḍar uhidrujin d wuksijin, ɣ tfadiwin timhlanin myallanin, ad d-fkn uddisn myallanin, zund ubiruksid n uhidrujin nɣ d aman ittsuksijinin lanin tanfalit H2O2 — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d sin n wuksijin. Ɣ unmgal, ku uddis akruran iɣy ad iry ig ifrdisn imyallan. Aman, s umdya, ẓḍarn ad ttuliktrulizan s wuksijin d uhidrujin. Da nttini i tanga tazdgant, yulɣn s iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan,tafkka tafrart. Tamggarut ad ur yallfus ad try s ifrdisn myallanin. Aya as nsmziriy gr tfkka tafrart d ufrdis akruran. S umdya, uksijin iga afrdis akruran, macc urrig nna nssn akkʷ d nna mi nttini ɣ wawal n ku ass uksijin hat tafkka tafrart ayd iga, ig yism nns unɣid asinuksijin, ar t-nsnfali s O2, bac ad imyilli d wuẓun bu tnfalit O3, igan altu tafkka tafrart; uẓun d usinuksijin gan anawn isnfliḍnann n ufrdis uksijin. Addad alugnan n yan ufrdis akruran iga-t waddad n tfkka tafrart mi tga tnfalit (Enthalpi) tanawayt n ussilɣ tanlmaḍt-akkʷ ɣ tfadiwin timagnutin n uzɣal d ussikl, igdan 0 s umsasa.

Ur yallfus ad infl ufrdis akruran s yan ufrdis yaḍn s umyagga akruran, amyagga awẓman ittusmman ammskl awẓman day ad iẓḍarn ad ig isnfl ad. Asnml ad isnfalit tikklt tamzwarut umskrura afransis Lavoisir ɣ 1789,.

Ismawn

Ɣ 2011, tdggi tamunt tagraɣlant n tkrura tazddagt d tmsnast (UICPA) ismawn s tnglizt d iniglan ikrurann igraɣlann n 112 n ifrdisn imzwura (s unmala n wuṭṭun awblkim). Ɣ 31 mayu n 2012, ismma UICPA sin ifrdisn yaḍn, aflirubyum Fl d ulibirmuryum Lv (uṭṭun 114 d 116). Ɣ 31 dujanbir n 2015 issuded UICPA inniy n kkuẓ n ifrdisn yaḍn, win wuṭṭunn iwblkimn 113, 115, 117 d 118, mac ur asn ifki kra n yismawn igguran. Mac ar ttwannan s yismawn imaddasn iran ad infl ad day asn ttustayn yismawn, ad tn igan d unutryum (Uut), ununbuntyum (Uuv), ununsatyum (Uus) d ununuktyum (Uuo)[6], mac umẓn ismawn nnsn igguran ɣ 28 nuwanbir n 2016, s uzrak anihunyum (Nh), amuskubyum (Mc), atinis (Ts) d uganisun (Og).

Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn

Ɣ takimit, Taflwit n usudr azdawan n ifrḍisn ikimayn (s tfransist: Tableau périodique des éléments, s tanglizt: Periodic table) mi nttini ula Taflwit n Mendeleïev, tga yat tflwit nna ɣ llan akk ifrḍisn ikimayn, ttuygaddan s umḍam ublkam nnsn zɣ way-mẓẓiyn s way-mqqurn, d ttuygaddan ula s tuẓkiwt talikṭrunant nnsn, nna ḍffrnt tfrisin nnsn tikruranin.

Taflwit ad ad igan talli akk ittuysxdamn ɣ igr amassan, skrn kigan n id butussna d imassan tflwitin yaḍn smunn gis ifrḍisn ikimayn. Macc ɣwad a bahra illan d walli bahra sxdamn middn.

Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1

1 H

2 He

2

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

10 Ne

3

11 Na

12 Mg

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

17 Cl

18 Ar

4

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

35 Br

36 Kr

5

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

53 I

54 Xe

6

55 Cs

56 Ba

*

71 Lu

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

84 Po

85 At

86 Rn

7

87 Fr

88 Ra

* *

103 Lr

104 Rf

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Cn

113 Nh

114 Fl

115 Mc

116 Lv

117 Ts

118 Og

↓

Ilantuniden

*

57 La

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

Actinides

* *

89 Ac

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

94 Pu

95 Am

96 Cm

97 Bk

98 Cf

99 Es

100 Fm

101 Md

102 No