Talɣa:Bdr adlis

Antam n tlɣa[skn] [snfl] [amzruy] [sɣus]

Citation Style 1 templates

{{Cite arXiv}}	arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}}	audio and visual media
{{Cite AV media notes}}	AV media liner notes
{{Cite bioRxiv}}	bioRxiv preprints
{{Cite book}}	books and chapters
{{Cite CiteSeerX}}	CiteSeerX papers
{{Cite conference}}	conference papers
{{Cite document}}	short, stand-alone, offline documents
{{Cite encyclopedia}}	edited collections
{{Cite episode}}	radio or TV episodes
{{Cite interview}}	interviews
{{Cite journal}}	academic journals
{{Cite magazine}}	magazines, periodicals
{{Cite mailing list}}	public mailing lists
{{Cite map}}	maps
{{Cite medRxiv}}	medRxiv preprints
{{Cite news}}	news articles
{{Cite newsgroup}}	online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}}	podcasts
{{Cite press release}}	press releases
{{Cite report}}	reports
{{Cite serial}}	audio or video serials
{{Cite sign}}	signs, plaques
{{Cite speech}}	speeches
{{Cite SSRN}}	SSRN papers
{{Cite tech report}}	technical reports
{{Cite thesis}}	theses
{{Cite web}}	web sources not covered by the above
See also	Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates

This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for books. When citing an article in a periodical, use {{cite journal}} or {{cite magazine}}. For conference papers, use {{cite conference}}. For edited collections, use {{cite encyclopedia}}. For theses, use {{cite thesis}}.

If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the {{Citation}} template, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses periods (full stops) in places where the Citation template use commas by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter.

Usage

Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then the page.

Horizontal formats

Most common

Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format

To cite a book with a credited author {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=}} To cite a book with no credited author {{cite book |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=}} To cite an online book that has been archived {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}} To cite a book written in a foreign language {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |trans-title= |language= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=}} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language book re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |language= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=}}

Full

Full parameter set in horizontal format

{{cite book |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |collaboration= |df= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |display-contributors= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |chapter= |script-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |trans-chapter= |chapter-format= |contribution= |script-contribution= |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access= |trans-contribution= |contribution-format= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title= |script-title= |title-link= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |display-interviewers= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |others= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place= |publisher= |publication-date= |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= |ref= |postscript=}}

Vertical formats

Most common

Most commonly used parameters in vertical format

To cite a book with a credited author {{cite book |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |location = |publisher = |page = |isbn = |access-date = }} To cite a book with no credited author {{cite book |author = <!-- not stated --> |date = |title = |url = |location = |publisher = |page = |isbn = |access-date = }} To cite an online book that has been archived {{cite book |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |location = |publisher = |page = |isbn = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = }} To cite a book written in a foreign language {{cite book |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |trans-title = |language = |location = |publisher = |page = |isbn = |access-date = }} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language book re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{cite book |last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |title = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |language = |location = |publisher = |page = |isbn = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote = }}

Full

Full parameter set in vertical format

Parameters	Prerequisites	Brief instructions / notes		Vertical list
Talɣa:Tooltip		Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.	Note that if the parameter contribution, but not Talɣa:Tooltip, is defined, contributor-related parameters become the first parameters of this template in place of author-related parameters, while author-related parameters get shifted to between department-, and Talɣa:Tooltip- and editor-related parameters, and Talɣa:Tooltip- and editor-related parameters swap places with title- and department-related parameters.	{{cite book |last1 = |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |display-authors = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |collaboration = |df = |date = |year = |orig-date = |orig-year = |contributor-last1 = |contributor-first1 = |contributor-link1 = |contributor-last2 = |contributor-first2 = |contributor-link2 = |display-contributors = |contributor-mask1 = |contributor-mask2 = |chapter = |script-chapter = |chapter-url = |chapter-url-access = |trans-chapter = |chapter-format = |contribution = |script-contribution = |contribution-url = |contribution-url-access = |trans-contribution = |contribution-format = |location = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |display-editors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |title = |script-title = |title-link = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |department = |type = |series = |language = |volume = |interviewer-last1 = |interviewer-first1 = |interviewer-link1 = |interviewer-last2 = |interviewer-first2 = |interviewer-link2 = |display-interviewers = |interviewer-mask1 = |interviewer-mask2 = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |display-translators = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |others = |name-list-style = |edition = |publication-place = |publisher = |publication-date = |minutes = |time-caption = |time = |page = |pages = |at = |no-pp = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |bibcode-access = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-access = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |hdl-access = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |jstor-access = |lccn = |medrxiv = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |ol-access = |osti = |osti-access = |pmc = |pmc-embargo-date = |pmid = |rfc = |sbn = |ssrn = |s2cid = |s2cid-access = |zbl = |id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-format = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote-page = |quote-pages = |quote = |script-quote = |trans-quote = |mode = |ref = |postscript = }}
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Author's first name. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: last3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: first3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: author-link3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
collaboration	Talɣa:Tooltip
df
date
year
orig-date	date or year
orig-year	date or year
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for contributor. Don't link.	Note that this parameter requires the use of contribution-, but not Talɣa:Tooltip-related parameters.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for contributor. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for contributor. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for 2nd contributor. Don't link. Similar: contributor-last3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for 2nd contributor. Don't link. Similar: contributor-first3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for 2nd contributor. Don't link. Similar: contributor-link3, etc.
display-contributors	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like display-authors, but for contributors
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip		This should be the title of the chapter cited. Do not wikilink Talɣa:Tooltip if Talɣa:Tooltip is provided.	Note that its alias contribution, but not Talɣa:Tooltip, is the only parameter that is allowed with the use of contributor-related parameters, and that if defined, contributor-related parameters become the first parameters of this template in place of author-related parameters, while author-related parameters get shifted to between department and Talɣa:Tooltip- and editor-related parameters, and Talɣa:Tooltip- and editor-related parameters swap places with title- and department-related parameters.
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip or Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip or Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
contribution		This should be the title of the contribution cited. Do not wikilink contribution if contribution-url is provided	Note that this parameter, but not Talɣa:Tooltip, is required for the use of contributor-related parameters.
script-contribution
contribution-url	contribution or script-contribution
contribution-url-access	contribution-url
trans-contribution	contribution or script-contribution
contribution-format	contribution-url
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	can be used for written-at location when publication-place is used for publication place	Note that if the parameter contribution, but not Talɣa:Tooltip, is defined, these parameters swap places with title- and department-related parameters.
Talɣa:Tooltip		Like last1, but for editor. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for editor. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for editor. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-last3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-first3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-link3, etc.
display-editors	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like display-authors, but for editors
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
title		This parameter is required.	Note that if the parameter contribution, but not Talɣa:Tooltip, is defined, these parameters swap places with Talɣa:Tooltip- and editor-related parameters.
script-title
title-link	title or script-title	Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if url is provided
url	title or script-title	Do not use if title-link is provided
url-access	url
trans-title	title or script-title
format	url
department
Talɣa:Tooltip
series
Talɣa:Tooltip
volume
Talɣa:Tooltip		Like last1, but for interviewer. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for interviewer. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for interviewer. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-last3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-first3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-link3, etc.
display-interviewers	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like display-authors, but for interviewers
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip		Like last1, but for translator. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for translator. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for translator. Don't link.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like last1, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-last3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like first1, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-first3, etc.
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like author-link1, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-link3, etc.
display-translators	Talɣa:Tooltip	Like display-authors, but for translators
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip	See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
others
name-list-style	Talɣa:Tooltip	Set to amp or ampersand to separate the last author with " & "; set to and to separate with " and "
edition
publication-place	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
publication-date
minutes
time-caption	time
time
Talɣa:Tooltip		choose one: page, pages, or at
Talɣa:Tooltip		choose one: page, pages, or at. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
at		choose one: page, pages, or at
no-pp	Talɣa:Tooltip or Talɣa:Tooltip	set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
asin-tld	Talɣa:Tooltip
bibcode
biorxiv
biorxiv-access	biorxiv
citeseerx
Talɣa:Tooltip
doi-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
doi-broken-date	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
hdl-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip		always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
jstor-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
medrxiv
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
ol-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
osti-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
pmc-embargo-date	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
s2cid-access	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip
url-status	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip, url
archive-format	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	Talɣa:Tooltip
Talɣa:Tooltip	url
via
quote-page		choose one: quote-page, quote-pages
quote-pages		choose one: quote-page, quote-pages. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages.
Talɣa:Tooltip
script-quote
trans-quote
mode		cs1 or cs2
ref
postscript
If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.

Examples

Title

• {{cite book |title=Mysterious Book}}

  Mysterious Book.

Title and year

• {{cite book |title=Mysterious Book |date=1901}}

  Mysterious Book. 1901.

Basic usage (single author)

• {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}

  Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs.

Basic usage (two authors)

• {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Bloggs |first2=Fred |author-link2=Fred Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}

  Bloggs, Joe; Bloggs, Fred (1974). Book of Bloggs.

Basic usage with url (and access-date) and edition

• {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs |edition=1st |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}

  Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.

Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor

• {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors |publisher=Book Publishers |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family |isbn=}}

  Bloggs, Fred (January 1, 2001). "Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.

Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor

• {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |last2=Egg |first2=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There |chapter-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}}

  Bloggs, Joe & Egg, Fred (January 1, 2001) [1st pub. 1986]. "Chapter 6: Getting There". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.

Three authors, title with a differently-named title link, edition

• {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Smith |first2=John |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |title=1000 Acres |title-link=A Thousand Acres |edition=2nd}}

  Bloggs, Joe; Smith, John; Smythe, Jim. 1000 Acres (2nd ed.).

Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (without volume and lastauthoramp)

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3}}

  Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (2007) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.

Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (with volume and lastauthoramp)

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East |volume=I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}}

  Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2007) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.

Date without day, wikilinked title, publisher, pages, edition, location

• {{cite book |last1=Cordell |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Grubb |first2=Jeff |last3=Noonan |first3=David |date=September 2001 |title=Manual of the Planes |title-link=Manual of the Planes |edition=3rd |publisher=Wizards of the Coast |location=Renton, Washington |isbn=0-7869-1850-0 |pages=134–137}}

  Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes (3rd ed.). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 134–137. ISBN 0-7869-1850-0.

Other language

• {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Jean |date=1974 |title=Livre de Bloggs |edition=1st |language=French |trans-title=Book of Bloggs |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}

  Bloggs, Jean (1974). Livre de Bloggs [Book of Bloggs] (in French) (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Using a DOI

• {{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}}

  Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X.

Using author-mask parameter

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}}

  Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-66-1 |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}

  ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-66-1.

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-67-X |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}

  ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-67-X.

Using display-authors parameter

• {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |display-authors=1}}

  Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.

Parameters

Syntax

Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

• parent
• OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
  • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
  • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)

Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).

COinS

This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

• use |date=27 September 2007 not Talɣa:!xt

Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example  , –, or  , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

COinS metadata is created for these parameters

Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.

• |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia=, |dictionary=
• |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section=, |script-section=
• |title=, |script-title=, |book-title=
• |publication-place=, |place=, |location=
• |date=, |year=, |publication-date=
• |series=, |version=
• |volume=, |issue=, |number=
• |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages=
• |edition=
• |publisher=, |institution=
• |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |section-url=
• |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host=, |host#=
• |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given=, |given#=
• |degree=
• |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid=, |zbl=

What's new

What's new or changed recently

Parameter	Description	Date
N/A

Deprecated

Description

Authors

• last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
  • author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
  • first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and Talɣa:Notatypo suffixes only in accordance with and use honorifics (including Dr., Sir, and similar) only in accordance with .
  • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
  • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
  • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
  • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
• vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:

  |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal

  • author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
• Talɣa:Xtd: deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
• contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
  • contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
  • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
  • contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
  • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
• translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
  • translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
  • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
  • translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
  • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
• collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
• others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.

• Note: When using Talɣa:Sfnote or Talɣa:Paren styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

Date

"Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. I undated signatures, ẓṛ Template:Undated.

• date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.Talɣa:R/superscript Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Talɣa:Section link.

Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,Talɣa:Sup unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets.

For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.

For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.

The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.

Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as |date=, |publication-date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) except for |orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.

• year: Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:
  1. Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
  2. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
• orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
• df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:

  dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;

  mdy – as above for month day, year format

  ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

  dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;

  mdy-all – as above for month day, year format

  ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

Editors

• editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
  • editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
  • editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
  • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=...|editor-last1=... |editor2=....
  • editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
  • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
  • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
• veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:

  |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal

  • editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in |veditors=, as described above
• Display:

  Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.

  If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.

  If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."

Title

(See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters.)

• title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
  • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Talɣa:Pipescript-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] to help browsers properly display the script:

    ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...

  • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.

Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.

newline	[	]	|
space	[	]	{{!}} (preferred)
	{{bracket|text}}		| or {{pipe}} – see also Talɣa:Section link

• title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.

• type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.

• chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
  • script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Talɣa:Pipescript-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] to help browsers properly display the script:

    ... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...

  • trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
• contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of Afterword, Foreword, Introduction, or Preface will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.

• language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Talɣa:Cl. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang

URL

• url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see WP:PAGELINKS. Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
  • access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.Talɣa:R/superscript Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
  • archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by |url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
    • archive-date: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.Talɣa:R/superscript Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
    • url-status: A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title=; requires url and archive-url. Use {{dead link}} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url=.

      Accepts multiple keywords:

      • dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url=
      • live – selects |url=; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url=
      • deviated – selects |archive-url=; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article
      • unfit – selects |archive-url=; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable page; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ
      • usurped – selects |archive-url=; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ
      • bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.

    • archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [[Help:Citation Style 1#Using Talɣa:Pipeformat=|Using Talɣa:Pipeformat=]]
  • url-access: See Access indicators for url-holding parameters
• format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [[Help:Citation Style 1#Using Talɣa:Pipeformat=|Using Talɣa:Pipeformat=]]

Chapter URL

• chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url, section-url.
• chapter-format: Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.

Department

• department: Regular department or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text.

Edition, series, volume

• edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.

• series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.

• volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

Publisher

• publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state |publisher=self-published. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
• place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
• publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
• publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
• via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in Yahoo news) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. EBSCOhost), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions, and the agency parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service.

In-source locations

• minutes: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in".
• OR: time: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at".
  • time-caption: Changes the default text displayed before time.

• page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p.
• OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes.
  Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.
  • no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=passim.
• OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
  Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
• For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.

Identifiers

Not to be confused with § Anchor.

• id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append Talɣa:NCJ instead.

The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

• arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
• asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
  • asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: Tiwisi:CS1 errors. Aliases: none.
• bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
• biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none.
• citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none.
• doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
  • doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
• eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
• hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
• isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. (See Wikipedia:ISBN and Talɣa:Section link.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
  • Use the Talɣa:Tp template within the parameterTalɣa:Sndin the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}Talɣa:Sndif you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
• ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
• issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
• jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
• jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
• lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
• mr: Mathematical Reviews; example |mr=630583. Aliases: MR.
• oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example |oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC.
• ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL.
• osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example |osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI.
• pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMC.
  • pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
• pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID.
• rfc: Request for Comments; example |rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC.
• sbn: Standard Book Number; example |sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
• ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example |ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN.
• s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
• zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.

In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).

It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

Subscription or registration required

Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.

Four access levels can be used:

• access indicator for named identifiers:
  • free: the source is free to read for anyone
• access indicators for url-holding parameters:
  • registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
  • limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
  • subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")

As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

Access indicators for url-holding parameters

Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.

URL-holding and access-indicator parameters

URL	Access	Allowed keywords
|url=	|url-access=	registration limited subscription
|article-url=	|article-url-access=
|chapter-url=	|chapter-url-access=
|contribution-url=	|contribution-url-access=
|entry-url=	|entry-url-access=
|map-url=	|map-url-access=
|section-url=	|section-url-access=

For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}

which renders as:

"Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.

Access indicator for named identifiers

Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.

Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters

Identifier	Access	Allowed keywords
|bibcode=	|bibcode-access=	free
|doi=	|doi-access=
|hdl=	|hdl-access=
|jstor=	|jstor-access=
|ol=	|ol-access=
|osti=	|osti-access=
|ssrn=	|ssrn-access=
|s2cid=	|s2cid-access=

Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

• |arxiv=
• |biorxiv=
• |citeseerx=
• |medrxiv=
• |pmc=
• |rfc=

For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

Tracking of free DOIs

• The template is able to recognize known free-to-read DOI registrants, based on a list in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. Once a free registrant is identified, the 10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build_free_doi_registrants_table(). If |doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page in Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI, which is routinely cleared by User:Citation bot.
• The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear 10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration under local extended_registrants_t = { with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},.
• If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration, leave a note at User talk:Citation bot so the bot knows about it.

Quote

• quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
  • script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Talɣa:Pipescript-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] to help browsers properly display the script:

    ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...

  • trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
• quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
• OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.

Anchor

Not to be confused with § Identifiers.

• ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting |ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none. Aliases: none. See Talɣa:Section link.

Display options

• mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
• author-mask:
• contributor-mask:
• editor-mask:
• interviewer-mask:
• subject-mask:
• translator-mask:

  Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as Talɣa:Sfnote. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.

• display-authors:
• display-contributors:
• display-editors:
• display-interviewers:
• display-subjects:
• display-translators:

  Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.

• postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Bdr adlis in articles based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Bdr adlis

Error: cs1|2 template name required

This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.

Paramètres du modèle[Modifier les données du modèle]

Ce modèle possède une mise en forme personnalisée.

Paramètre		Description	Type	État
Last name	last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last subject	The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Chaîne	suggéré
First name	first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Chaîne	suggéré
Author link	author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Nom de page	facultatif
URL	url URL	The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the  protocol relative scheme "//..." Exemple https://books.google.com/books?id=...	URL	facultatif
Title	title	The title of the book; displays in italics	Chaîne	obligatoire
Title link	title-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.	Nom de page	facultatif
Vancouver style author list	vauthors	If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses Exemple Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))	Chaîne	facultatif
Last name 2	last2 author2 surname2 author-last2 author2-last subject2	The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 2	first2 given2 author-first2 author2-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 2	author-link2 author2-link subject-link2 subject2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 3	last3 author3 surname3 author-last3 author3-last subject3	The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 3	first3 given3 author-first3 author3-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 3	author-link3 author3-link subject-link3 subject3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 4	last4 author4 surname4 author-last4 author4-last subject4	The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 4	first4 given4 author-first4 author4-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 4	author-link4 author4-link subject-link4 subject4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 5	last5 author5 surname5 author-last5 author5-last subject5	The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 5	first5 given5 author-first5 author5-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 5	author-link5 author5-link subject-link5 subject5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 6	last6 author6 surname6 author-last6 author6-last subject6	The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 6	first6 given6 author-first6 author6-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 6	author-link6 author6-link subject-link6 subject6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 7	last7 author7 surname7 author-last7 author7-last subject7	The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 7	first7 given7 author-first7 author7-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 7	author-link7 author7-link subject-link7 subject7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 8	last8 author8 surname8 author-last8 author8-last subject8	The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 8	first8 given8 author-first8 author8-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 8	author-link8 author8-link subject-link8 subject8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Last name 9	last9 author9 surname9 author-last9 author9-last subject9	The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.	Chaîne	facultatif
First name 9	first9 given9 author-first9 author9-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.	Chaîne	facultatif
Author link 9	author-link9 author9-link subject-link9 subject9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.	Nom de page	facultatif
Collaboration	collaboration	Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.	Chaîne	facultatif
Date	date	Full date of the source; do not wikilink	Date	suggéré
Work	work journal website newspaper magazine	Name of the work in which the cited book text is found	Chaîne	facultatif
Publisher	publisher institution	Name of the publisher; displays after title Exemple [[HarperCollins]]	Chaîne	suggéré
Others	others	Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'	Chaîne	facultatif
Year of publication	year	Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known	Chaîne	suggéré
ISBN	isbn ISBN	International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible	Chaîne	suggéré
Editor last name	editor-last editor editor-surname editor-last1 editor-surname1 editor1 editor1-last editor1-surname	The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name	editor-first editor-given editor-first1 editor-given1 editor1-first editor1-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors	Chaîne	facultatif
Link for editor	editor-link editor-link1 editor1-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask	editor-mask editor1-mask editor-mask1	Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Vancouver style editor list	veditors	Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses Exemple Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))	Chaîne	facultatif
Edition	edition	When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.' Exemple 2nd	Ligne de texte	suggéré
Series identifier	series version	Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal	Chaîne	facultatif
Volume	volume	For one publication published in several volumes	Chaîne	facultatif
Location of publication	location place	Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place	Chaîne	suggéré
Place of publication	publication-place	Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'	Chaîne	facultatif
Publication date	publication-date	Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink	Date	suggéré
Page	page p	The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both	Chaîne	facultatif
Page(s) cited	pages pp	A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both Exemple 5–11	Chaîne	suggéré
At	at	May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient	Chaîne	facultatif
Language	language	The language in which the source is written. Do not use the full language name; use ISO 639-1. Do not use icons or templates	Chaîne	suggéré
Translator last name	translator-last translator translator-last1 translator1 translator1-last	The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name	translator-first translator1-first translator-first1	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Chaîne	facultatif
Script title	script-title	For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...	Chaîne	facultatif
Translated title	trans-title	An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended	Chaîne	suggéré
Chapter	chapter contribution entry article section	The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last	Chaîne	facultatif
Script Chapter	script-chapter	Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script Exemple ja:東京タワー	Chaîne	facultatif
Translated chapter	trans-chapter	An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended	Chaîne	facultatif
Type	type medium	Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case	Chaîne	facultatif
Format	format	Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML	Chaîne	facultatif
ASIN	asin ASIN	Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters	Chaîne	facultatif
ASIN TLD	asin-tld	ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US	Chaîne	facultatif
Bibcode	bibcode	Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters	Chaîne	facultatif
biorXiv	biorxiv	biorXiv identifier; 6 digits	Ligne de texte	facultatif
CiteSeerX	citeseerx	CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter	Ligne de texte	facultatif
DOI	doi DOI	Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'	Chaîne	facultatif
EISSN	eissn EISSN	International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space. Exemple 2009-0048	Chaîne	facultatif
Handle System identifier	hdl HDL	Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet	Chaîne	facultatif
ISMN	ismn ISMN	International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Exemple 979-0-9016791-7-7	Chaîne	facultatif
ISSN	issn ISSN	International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen	Chaîne	facultatif
jfm code	jfm	Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code	Chaîne	facultatif
JSTOR	jstor JSTOR	JSTOR identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
LCCN	lccn LCCN	Library of Congress Control Number	Chaîne	facultatif
MR	mr MR	Mathematical Reviews identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
OCLC	oclc OCLC	Online Computer Library Center number	Chaîne	facultatif
OL	ol OL	Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" at beginning of identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
OSTI	osti OSTI	Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
PMC	pmc	PubMed Center article number	Chaîne	facultatif
PMID	pmid PMID	PubMed Unique Identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
RFC	rfc	Request for Comments number	Chaîne	facultatif
SSRN	ssrn	Social Science Research Network	Chaîne	facultatif
Zbl	zbl	Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier	Chaîne	facultatif
id	id ID	A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable	Chaîne	facultatif
Quote	quote quotation	Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation	Chaîne	facultatif
Ref	ref	An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates	Chaîne	facultatif
Mode	mode	Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2' Valeurs suggérées cs1 cs2	Chaîne	facultatif
Postscript	postscript	The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none' Par défaut .	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask	author-mask author1-mask author-mask1	Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 2	author-mask2 author2-mask	Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 3	author-mask3 author3-mask	Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 4	author-mask4 author4-mask	Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 5	author-mask5 author5-mask	Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 6	author-mask6 author6-mask	Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 7	author-mask7 author7-mask	Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 8	author-mask8 author8-mask	Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Author mask 9	author-mask9 author9-mask	Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Display authors	display-authors	number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used	Nombre	facultatif
URL access date	access-date	The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink	Date	facultatif
Original date	orig-date	Original date of publication; provide specifics	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 2	editor-last2 editor-surname2 editor2 editor2-last editor2-surname	The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 2	editor-first2 editor-given2 editor2-first editor2-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 2	editor-link2 editor2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 2	editor-mask2 editor2-mask	Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 3	editor-last3 editor-surname3 editor3 editor3-last editor3-surname	The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 3	editor-first3 editor-given3 editor3-first editor3-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 3	editor-link3 editor3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 3	editor-mask3 editor3-mask	Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 4	editor-last4 editor-surname4 editor4 editor4-last editor4-surname	The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 4	editor-first4 editor-given4 editor4-first editor4-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 4	editor-link4 editor4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 4	editor-mask4 editor4-mask	Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 5	editor-last5 editor-surname5 editor5 editor5-last editor5-surname	The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 5	editor-first5 editor-given5 editor5-first editor5-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 5	editor-link5 editor5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 5	editor-mask5 editor5-mask	Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 6	editor-last6 editor-surname6 editor6 editor6-last editor6-surname	The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 6	editor-first6 editor-given6 editor6-first editor6-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 6	editor-link6 editor6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 6	editor-mask6 editor6-mask	Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 7	editor-last7 editor-surname7 editor7 editor7-last editor7-surname	The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 7	editor-first7 editor-given7 editor7-first editor7-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 7	editor-link7 editor7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 7	editor-mask7 editor7-mask	Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 8	editor-last8 editor-surname8 editor8 editor8-last editor8-surname	The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 8	editor-first8 editor-given8 editor8-first editor8-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 8	editor-link8 editor8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 8	editor-mask8 editor8-mask	Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor last name 9	editor-last9 editor-surname9 editor9 editor9-last editor9-surname	The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor first name 9	editor-first9 editor-given9 editor9-first editor9-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'	Chaîne	facultatif
Editor link 9	editor-link9 editor9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor	Nom de page	facultatif
Editor mask 9	editor-mask9 editor9-mask	Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead	Chaîne	facultatif
Display Editors	display-editors	Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 2	translator-last2 translator2 translator2-last	The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 2	translator-first2 translator2-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 3	translator-last3 translator3 translator3-last	The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 3	translator-first3 translator3-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 4	translator-last4 translator4 translator4-last	The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 4	translator-first4 translator4-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 5	translator-last5 translator5 translator5-last	The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 5	translator-first5 translator5-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 6	translator-last6 translator6 translator6-last	The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 6	translator-first6 translator6-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 7	translator-last7 translator7 translator7-last	The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 7	translator-first7 translator7-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 8	translator-last8 translator8 translator8-last	The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 8	translator-first8 translator8-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator last name 9	translator-last9 translator9 translator9-last	The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator first name 9	translator-first9 translator9-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Chaîne	facultatif
Translator link	translator-link translator-link1 translator1-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 2	translator-link2 translator2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 3	translator-link3 translator3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 4	translator-link4 translator4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 5	translator-link5 translator5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 6	translator-link6 translator6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 7	translator-link7 translator7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 8	translator-link8 translator8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Translator link 9	translator-link9 translator9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.	Nom de page	facultatif
Chapter URL	chapter-url contribution-url section-url	The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found	URL	facultatif
Format of Chapter URL	chapter-format contribution-format section-format	Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Exemple PDF, DOC, or XLS	Chaîne	facultatif
DOI broken date	doi-broken-date	The date that the DOI was determined to be broken	Date	facultatif
URL access level	url-access	Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited') Valeurs suggérées registration subscription limited	Chaîne	facultatif
Archive URL	archive-url	The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'	URL	facultatif
Archive Format	archive-format	Format of the Archive	Chaîne	facultatif
Archive date	archive-date	Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink	Chaîne	facultatif
URL status	url-status	If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Valeurs suggérées dead live unfit usurped Par défaut dead	Chaîne	facultatif
Name list style	name-list-style	Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. Valeurs suggérées amp and vanc	Chaîne	facultatif
via	via	Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks. Exemple [[Open Edition]], [[JSTOR]]	Chaîne	facultatif
Bibcode access level	bibcode-access	If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
DOI access level	doi-access	If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
HDL access level	hdl-access	If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
Jstor access level	jstor-access	If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
OpenLibrary access level	ol-access	If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
OSTI access level	osti-access	If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. Valeur automatique free	Chaîne	facultatif
Issue	issue number	Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages. Exemple 3	Chaîne	facultatif
Authors list	authors	List of authors as a free form list. This parameter is deprecated, use "lastn" or "firstn" (preferred) or "authorn" or "vauthors". Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.	Chaîne	obsolète
Department	department	Unusual in cite book.	Inconnu	facultatif
Date format	df	Sets rendered dates to the specified format	Chaîne	facultatif

Citation tools

• Citer: A web tool that converts a DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID, OCLC, or Google Books URL into a citation and shortened footnote.

See also

Talɣa:Wikipedia referencing This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.

Antam da illan ɣ ufllla ittyasay d zɣ Talɣa:Bdr adlis/antam. (snfl | amzruy)
Ẓḍaṛn imaran ad ttarmn ɣ ubaraz (snulfu | mirror) d testcases (snulfu) n tlɣa.
Rnu ismiln (taggayin) i tdusna n /antam. Tidusniwin n tlɣa ad.