Talmuqddimt n u Xldun

Talmuqddimt n u Xldun (s Tclḥit: Tamssmnidt), lli ittyawssann ula s "Prolegomena" n Ibn Xaldun, tga yan udlis lli yura umassan n umzruy u Xldun ɣ 1377, ar gis issmnid tannayt nns f umzruy uɣrid.^[1] Kra n imswingimn itrarn ar t ẓṛṛan is iga adlis amzwaru lli isawln f tawssniwin n wamun, zun d tadimuɣrafit, d umzruy adlsan.

Ar daɣ tsawal "talmquddimt" ula f tasnakuct (théologie) d tasnmzruyt (historiographie) d taflsaft n umzruy d tdamsa d tmẓṛit tasrtant, d tsnwnnaḍt (écologie). Tettyawglam daɣ is tga wan amssntay n "tdarwinit tanamunt" d "tdarwinit" s umata.^[2]

Yura Ibn Xaldun adlis ad ɣ 1377 bac ad ig tizwiri n udlis amzwaru n usnfar nns f umzruy n umaḍal "Kitab al-Ɛibar" (Adlis n Tɣuri), da ismunn ism unṣib: "Kitābu l-ʻibari wa Dīwāni l-Mubtada' wal-Ḥabar fī ayāmi l-ʻarab wal-ʿajam wal-barbar..." (Adlis n Tɣuri, d Uskn n Tzwura d Inɣmisn ɣ wussan n Isrɣinn d Imaziɣn d ignawn...). Macc ɣ tudrt nns yad nit, yaḍu d udlis ad ar fllas ittyawnna is iga yan udlis illan d ixf nns.

Tasnamunt

Armmus n "ssiɛr" (s tɛrabt: "العصبية", niɣ d ɣ uzmz ad: "tanawsit", "amulli", niɣ d s mad igan atrar "tanamurt", "assyafa n tgrumma" ) tga yat sɣ tiwila lli bahra nṣḍnin ɣ udlis n "talmuqqdimt". Kra s ar ittidrus ssiɛr ad, kra s ar iffal adɣar nns i yan uɣrf dar ssiɛr yaḍni uggar nns; S ɣikad, ar d nkkrnt tɣrmiwin d ar daɣ ṭṭarnt, ar igllm amzruy f tiwrarray ad n ssiɛr mklli s ar zraynt.

Ar ittini u Xaldun is d kraygat tagldit (niɣ d awank) illa ɣ ugns nns wamud n taksart nns. Ar issfru mas d tawjiwin lli ttnbaḍnin ar d nkkrnt sɣ iriwn n tmnukdiwin mqqurnin, ar ttnawalnt tamunt da illan ɣ idɣarn ann afad ad skrnt asnfl ɣ tnbaḍt. Ukan lliɣ ar ssntayn imnbaḍn imaynutn ɣ wammas n tmnukda nnsn, ar ittisliw ssiɛr nnsn, ijɣlulli, d ar t ka ttawin uggar ɣ tɣarast n tudrt nnsn d manmk s rad fllas ɣaman. Ɣikad, tufa yat tawja yaḍni ad d tnkr ɣ ir n tgldit nnsn, tssnfl udm n tnbaḍt, tssnti tdaɣ yat twala tamaynut.

Tadamsa

U Xldun yura f tmẓṛit n tdamsa d tsrtit ɣ udlis nns talmuqqdimt (tamssmnidt), isbidd tiwngimin nns f "ssiɛr" d tibḍit n takrrayt. Ar ittini mas kra s iga wamun , ar tettmuttul tbḍit n twuri, issidus mayad tadamsa nns:

Iɣ idda wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn ad ittawn, ar d ttawnn ifassn n itrrasn da ujadnin. Ɣ tsga yaḍnin, ar d ilmma tettawn taggrgist s unck n tbaɣurt lli d ittawnn, Ilbaḍ d usɣawsa n tbaɣurt ar d ttawnn dɣ nttni. Timskarin ar ttilint afad ad d ttyawayn iyafutn n tbaɣurt. Ar daɣ ittzayad watig nnsnt, ayad ar isbuɣlu tabaɣurt ɣ tɣrmt. Ar ittzayad s tbaɣurt uggar n ma izrin. Mkad ad tga tawwant ɣ twala tis snat d tis kṛaḍt. Itrrasn akkʷ lli ttayafasnin, ar snirin i tbaɣurt d taggrgist, ɣ mnid n itrrasn imzwara lli isnirin assarn n tudrt hlli.

F uqaṛiḍ:

Igra (u Xldun) is gan iqaṛiḍn asɣal n watig, d yan unammas n umyafka, d yan umgawz n watig, macc ur ifrik is ar ittnfal watig n wurɣ d uẓṛf s unck n udwas n tanilt d tutra. Isrs daɣ Ibn Xaldun timẓṛit n watig n tatrrast. Iglm tatrrast is tga aɣbalu n watig, d iqqann i kra igan uṭuf d usgudi n umdgar uqṛiḍ, ayad infalal bahra ɣ waddad n tmskart. Inna is d mqqar d ikka uṭuf kra n tɣawsa yaḍnin bla tamskart, atig n tbaɣurt ann d igguran d umdgar uqṛiḍ iqqan d ad gisn yili watig n tatrrast lli s illa uṭuf. Bla tatrrast, ur rad nit ittɣi.

Ẓṛ uggar

U Xldun.

Tisuɣal

↑ , Jay (2014). "The Muqaddimah". Encyclopedia of medieval literature (2nd ed.).
↑ Baali, Fuad (1988-01-01). Society, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khaldun's Sociological Thought (s tutlayt ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-609-2.

[1] , Jay (2014). "The Muqaddimah". Encyclopedia of medieval literature (2nd ed.).

[2] Baali, Fuad (1988-01-01). Society, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khaldun's Sociological Thought (s tutlayt ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-609-2.

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