Taximit
Taximit(s tnglizt: Alchemy , s tɛṛabt : الخيمياء) tga yan usskkiḍ azayku ɣ tflsaft tagamnt, tg ula yat twssna tamrmadt nna tt inn ikkan ɣ Ccinwa, Lhind, amaḍal amuslm d Tuṛuft . Taximit n utrim tettubdar ɣ mnnaw warratn isudubugrafn (pseudepigraph) ttyaranin ɣ Miṣṛa tagrikṛumit ɣ tsutin zwarnin ḍaṛat tlalit. Ar ssaɣn yimsximitn lli sawalnin tagrikt i umwud nnsn "Taẓuṛi" (τέχνη) nɣ d "Tussna" (ἐπιστήμη), daɣ ikka tt inn ar ittyawglam (umwud nnsn) is iga uffir (μυστική), afuẓaṛ (ἱɛρά), nɣ akucan (θɛíα).
Urmn nn yimsximitn ad sɣusn, sfalkin d ad smyillin kra n tɣawsiwin. Mnnawt tɣawsiwin ad wattsn yimsximitn yat gisnt ad tga tkṛisubyat (chrysopoeia), assnfl n waṛẓann uzdirn (aldun s umdya) s waṛẓann imattuyn (urɣ bahra); ɣik ann d tuskra n yan uliksir n tudrt nna ittggan amddnu d umɣlal, ɣik ann daɣ d tuskra n yisafarn ẓḍaṛnin ad sjjin kraygat tamaḍunt. Daɣ ittuɣal is d asmyilli n tɣssa n ufgan d yiman nns kkan d ukiz uyxim magnum opus (Tawuri Taxatart). D iqqan d ad ittubdir ma s izdi wukiz n tuskra n uẓṛu n yiflsufn d yiwttasn ad akk yad nbdr.
Smskln yimsximitn imusmln d uṛubbitn mnnaw yitiknikn n usarm, tiwzlwmin, d wukizn, kra gisn ar ukan sul ttussmrsin s wassf ad. Mqqar d, ur ngaran d tmssqt d ikkan Taflsaft tagrikt tazaykut n mas d kra illan ittuskar zɣ kkuẓ yifrdisn, d ar bahra ssntaln tiwuriwin nnsn ssutln asnt tinnutla, s ussmrs n ingln nɣ d ikuḍn d yizyatn. Γ Tuṛuft , srgnt tsuɣal n twuriwin tinslmin n yizmaz inuẓẓumn nna iẓlin s twssna ɣik ann d twafit n tflsaft n Warisṭu; i wubug d ubuɣlu n tximit talatint. Anaw ad ɣ tximit a rad sul isrg i tmsklt d ubuɣlu n twssniwin titrarin timzwura (takimit d tsnijjit).
Tasnaẓuṛt
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]Tkka d tguri ad taguri taɛṛabt al-ximiya (الخيمياء),nna d ikkan taguri zɣ tgrikt tamatult khēmeía (χημεία), ar tettyara ula s khumeia (χημεία ) d khēmía (χημία)10|11 iml ad ittussikʷiz usɣun s "amwud n unfal nna issimiln tamunt d tlɣa takucant nɣ d tasalant". Kigan n tnsaẓuṛin ad ittukfan i tguri tagrikt. Tamzwarut tga tt tin Ẓusimus u Banufulis(s tnglizt: Zosimos of Panopolis) (gr tsuta tiss kraḍt d tiss kkuẓt), nna tt id ildin zɣ yism n yan warra; the Khemeu.12|13 Inna Hiṛman Dilz (s tnglizt: Herman Diels) ɣ 1914 mas d tffuɣ zɣ χύμα 14 nna ittyunnan i tɣawsiwin tiwṛẓanin ttuskarnin s taffayt.
Wiyyaḍ cukkan iẓuṛan nns s yism amṣṛan kēme(tahiṛuglaft 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 kmt ), s unamk u "wakal asggʷan", nna iwattsn akal ixlfn n wasif n Nnil , anmgal n n umlal n tnzruft izggʷaɣn.10 S ucukku n umassan n tsnmṣṛat Walis Badj (s tnglizt: Wallis Badge), ar igan anamk n taguri taɛṛabt الخيمياء d "[tawssna] Tamṣṛant", trḍl tt zɣ tguri takubṭit isnumkn "Miṣṛa", kēme(nɣ d takniwt nns ɣ ugṛwẓ Abuhayri n tkubṭit ɣ yizmaz inuẓẓumn, khēme). Tffuɣ d tguri ad takubṭit zɣ tguri tadimutikt kmỉ, nna d iffuɣn ɣd nttat zɣ tmṣṛant tazaykut kmt. Tsnumk tguri ad ɣ tmṣṛant tazaykut tamazirt ann d uklu "asggʷan" akk( tkka tt inn Miṣṛa tga "tamazirt tasggʷant", anmgal n "tmazirt tazggʷaɣt" nna tga tnzruft as issutln.
Tisaɣulin
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]- Pereira, Michela (2018). "Alchemy". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1. ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6. Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practised.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.
- Newman, William R.; Mauskopf, Seymour H.; Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2014). "Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World". Osiris. 29: 1–15. doi:10.1086/678110. ISSN 0369-7827. PMID 26103744. S2CID 29035688. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- "Greek Word Study Tool". perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- "alchemy". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)