Willyam Ciksfir
Willyam Ciksfir (ilul ɣ 23 ibril 1564 – 23 ibril 1616) iga yan umara anmzgun d yan umdyaz d usmday anglizy. Ittyawssan bahra is iga amara imqqurn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt d umara adramay da tn yufn ɣ umaḍal. Ittɣra as s "umdyaz anamur n Inglatirra" d "unḍḍam n Abun" (niɣ d ɣar "Anḍḍam"). Tawuri nns iflin tgru ula xtilli iskr d wiyyaḍ, rad akkʷ gint ɣ wuṭṭun nnsnt kra n 39 n urarn inmzgunn, 154 n sunitat, kraḍ n tmdyazin ɣzzifnin d kra n isaffn n tmdyazt, tili turda ɣ manwa ad tnt yuran.
Urarn nns inmzgunn aɣuln s tutlayin akkʷ mqqurnin d ar ttyurarn uggar n win imaratn yaḍnin. Ciksfir iga sul amara anglizi da bahra issnfluln tutlayt tanglizt, d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn ilan iḍiṣ.
Ciksfir Willyam ilul d ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire imqqur gis, Lliɣ ila 18 n usggʷas, itahl d Anne Hathaway, ilin sin itsn kraḍ n tarwa: Susanna, d iknwn Hamnet d Judith. Kra n wakud gr 1585 d 1592, issnti yat twada ifulkin ɣ Lunḍun ig yan usmday, amara, d bab n yat tdrawt n urarn mi ism Lord Chamberlain's Men, infl as sul ism s King's Men lliɣ iɣli ugllid James wis sḍis n Iskutlanda s isni n Inglterra. Lliɣ dars tlla 49 n usggʷas (ɣ 1613), yuman is izri s Stratford, ɣ immut kraḍ isggʷasn tiɣrdin n ɣayad. Ur d yagur aysilad imikkatin n izmmimn f tudrt nns iẓlin; ɣaylli d yiwin aswingm ur idrusn f kra n tɣawsiwin zun d asgd nns, tazzit nns, aris nns niɣ d akkʷ yak is nit iga ɣaylli yura wins niɣ d win kra n tsga yaḍni.
Shakespeare iskr tuggt n twuriwin nns ttyawssanin gr 1589 d 1613. Urarn nns imzwura gan zwar ikumidiyn d win umzruy, ttyawmnadn is gan umudn akkʷ attuynin ɣ wanaw nnsn. Ukan izri ilmma d inn ad nit ittara itrajidn ar 1608, ad gisn ittyawbdar *Romeo d Juliet*, *Hamlet*, *Othello*, *King Lear* d *Macbeth*, da akkʷ ttyawmnadn is gan umudn akkʷ cwanin ɣ tutlayt tanglizt. Ɣ tgira n tudrt nns, yura Ikumidn-Itrajidn (da ttyawssanin s "izlan n tayri") zun d *The Winter's Tale* d *The Tempest*, imyawas ula d imaran d ismdayn yaḍnin.
Mnnaw wurarn n Ciksfir ttyawfsarn, sɣ dar tẓṛigin ggutnin ku yat d tcwi nns. Imil, ɣ 1623, John Heminges d Henry Condell, sin agmat imddukkal n Shakespeare, fsrn yan uḍris iggʷran ittyawssann s First Folio (Afulyu amzwaru), yan uḍris da d iffɣn dffir lmut nns d 36 n wurarn nnsn ad gis illan. Tamzwarut n udlis nns tga tt yat tmdyazt n Ben Jonson da rad as ig yan wafna, da t yullɣn s yan wawal da igan ɣilad amaway: "ur d win yan uzmz ad iga, macc win akkʷ izmaz".
Tudrt nns
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]Ciksfir iga yus n Jun Ciksfir, yan umɣar n tmdint d yan urgaz imursn ɣ tmguri n ilmḍaḍn, d wad d yuckan sɣ Snitterfield ɣ Warwickshire, d Mary Arden, illis n yat takat imqqurn iṭṭafn ikaliwn, Ilul ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, ɣ imẓal ass n 26 ibril 1564. Ass n tlalit nns ur ittyawssan, macc nnan is d ilul ɣ wass n 23 ibril ass n ugrram jurj. Ass ann iẓḍaṛn ad d yurri s William Oldys d George Steevens, ildi d taɣḍft n imaratn n tudrt nns acku Ciksfir immut ɣ wass ad nit ɣ usggʷas n 1616.
Iga wis kraḍ ɣ tam n tarwa, d warraw amnzu da isuln.
Mqqar ur llin kra n izmmimn n wakud ann ɣ iddr, taggat n imaratn n tudrt nns llan s ugʷri is d Ciksfir iɣra ɣ tinml tamaynut n Ugllid ɣ Stratford yat tinml igan fabur d xtalli ittyawskarn ɣ 1553, tmgala s uzgn n umil (400 m) d tgmmi nns.
Ɣ twada nns ɣ twuri, Ciksfir ibḍa akud nns gr Lunḍun d Stratfurd. Ɣ 1596, asggʷas izwurn iɣ isɣa New Place ad tg tigmmi n twja nns ɣ Stratford, Ciksfir ikka tt inn izdɣ ɣ tgrart n tgʷrramt Helen's, Bishopsgate, ɣ ugafa n wasif n Ṭams. Izgr asif s sawthwark ɣ 1599, asggʷas nit ɣ tskr tdrawt nns amzgun n Globe. Ar 1604, immatti daɣ s ugafa n wasif, s yan udɣar ɣ ugafa n ukanis imqqurn n St Paul da ɣ llant gigan tgʷmma fulkinin. Ɣinn, ikru tignarin sɣ dar yan uhugunut afransis mi ismn Christopher Mountjoy, amskar n icakukn n tmɣarin d id tarazal.
Ciksfir immut ass n 23 ibril 1616, ilkm 52 n usggʷas. Immut yan wayyur hlli ur ta iṛcm f taysi nns, yan warra ɣ issnti ad iglm ixf nns is dars tlla yat "tadusi imuccdn". Ur illi kra n uɣbalu sɣ wakud ann issfrun manmk niɣ mas immut. Azgn n tasut sul, John Ward, anflus n Stratford, yura ɣ udlis nns is: "Shakespeare, Drayton, d Ben Jonson skrn yan umnaggar afrawas, yuman is nit swan anẓiẓ, acku Ciksfir immut s tawla da d yusi sɣ dɣin", ayann ur igi kra n usinaryu agcṛaṛaḍ acku Shakespeare issn Jonson d Drayton.
Tamdyazt nns
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]Ɣ 1593 d 1594, lliɣ qqnn imzgunn acku illa waṭṭan n tsrka, Shakespeare ifsr snat tmdyazin ɣzzifnin s yan ussntl n tayri: *Venus d Adonis* d *udɣɣr n Lucretia*, lli yura i Wriothesley Henry, Akunt n Southampton. Ɣ *Venus d Adonis*, yan Adonis imẓẓiyn ur irḍil i usurrf n Venus, aylli ɣ *Asurrf n Lucretia*, Lucretia tafulkit tettusurrf s Tarquin bu uɣjaj.
Yat tmdyazt iɣzzifn tg tis kṛaḍt, Asmammi n Bu Tayri, ɣ ar talla yat tfruxt imẓẓiyn f lliɣ tt yiwi baḍaḍ n yan urgaz amnzaɣ , tettyawɣnab tmdyazt ad ɣ 1609. Tuggt n imsiggiln n ɣassad tqbl is d *Asmammi n Bu Tayri* ad nit igan taɣarast n Shakespeare s tidt, tili daɣ tin ufiniq d mu ttgra/tafkrunt (1601) tga asmammi f lmut n yan ufniq umiyan d tayri nns, tafkrunt influsn.
Ɣ 1599, yat talɣa izwurn n snat sunitat, 138 d 144, tnfalal d ɣ *umẓaṛ irramn* (The pationate Pilgrim), tettyara ddu ism n Ciksfir, macc bla immurwa.