Ɛmar Axyyam

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Ɛmar Axyyam
afgan
Anaw nɣ asrtuawtm Snfl
Tamazirt n tɣlantEmpire seldjoukide Snfl
Ism s tutlayt taymmatحکیم عُمَر خَیّام نیشابوری, غیاث الدین ابو الفتح عمر بن ابراهیم خیام نیشاپوری Snfl
Ism n tlalitغیاث الدین ابو الفتح عمر بن ابراهیم خیام نیشاپوری Snfl
Ism amzwaruOmar Snfl
ḌfṛismKhayyam Snfl
Assf n tlalit18 Mayyu 1048 Snfl
Ida n tlalitNishapur Snfl
Assf n tmttant4 Dujanbir 1131 Snfl
Ida n tmttantNishapur Snfl
TimḍltOmar Khayyam Mausoleum Snfl
Tutlayin s ar isawal, d s ar ittarapersan Snfl
Tutlayin n tirrapersan Snfl
Igr n twuripoésie, Tusnakt, Tasnaggurt Snfl
Directeur ou directrice de thèseBahmanyār Snfl
Amḥḍaṛ d unlmadAl-Isfizari, Al-Khazini, Nizami Aruzi Snfl
Asgd d tnbaḍt ɣ ddunitLislam, athéisme Snfl
Adlis inyafnRubaiyat, calendrier persan Snfl
Amussulittérature persane, Iranian philosophy, Âge d'or islamique Snfl
Anaw n tẓuṛirubaï Snfl
Yugm d sɣ darAvicenne, Al-Biruni Snfl
AsraMoyen Âge (occidental) Snfl
Collection comprenant une œuvre de la personneNational Gallery of Victoria Snfl
Statut des droits d'auteur du créateurdroits d'auteurs ne pouvant plus être enfreints Snfl

Ɣiyat ddin Abu lfatḥ Ɛumar u Ibrahim Aniṣabuṛ[1][2] (18 mayu 1048 - 4 dujambir 1131), ittyawssan s Ɛmar Axyyam (s tfarsit: عمر خیّام), iga yan umassan afarsi, ittyawssan s twuriwin nns ɣ tusnakt d tsnitrit d tflsuft d tmdyazt.[3]: 94 Ilula ɣ Nisabur, tamaẓunt tamzwarut n tgldit n Isljuqn, iddr ɣ usra n tgldit ad, ɣ uzmz n lḥrkt taṛmmuyt tamzwarut.

Ɣ igr n tusnakt, ittyawssan uggar s twuri nns ɣ usnmala d ussfsi n ussiḍn awkkuẓ ɣ ifka yat taṭumt tajyumitrit ibiddn f umyabbay n tzumbiyin.[4] Yiwi d sul yat tussna idran n tmɣʷẓant n umnaway n Uqlids.[5]: 284 ɣ igr n tsnitran, issiḍn akud da ittkka usggʷas anafuk s yat tzuni d yan unɣad iggutn, isnulfa d daɣ asmlussan ajalali, yan usmlussan anafuk illan s yat tẓayṛt n umyakcam ilan 33 n isggʷasn d mayad s yat tzuni bahra imqqurn[7][6] ig ɣwalli ifkan adasil n usmlussan Afarsi da sul ittyawsmrasn ar ɣikkad, ikk ɣilad ma yaẓn i yat tfiḍit.

Tlla ukan yat tmyurt n uzday n yat tmdyazt i Ɛmar Axyyam, tettyara dɣ tad s talɣa n timkkuẓin (*rubāʿiyāt* رباعیات). Tamdyazt ad rad sul tettyawssan ɣ umaḍal da yaqqran s tnglizt s yan ussuɣl iskr t Edward FitzGerald (Tamkkuẓt n Ɛmar Axyyam, 1859), lli ifrawsn s yan umurs imqqurn ɣ ussmnig n tigira n tasut.

Tudrt nns

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Ɛumar Axyyam ilula ɣ Nisabur yat tɣrmt tamqqurt illan ɣ tmazirt n Xurasan, ila iẓuṛan ifarsiyn, mayad ɣ 1048.[8][9][10][11][12] Ɣ idlisn ifarsiyn n tsutin tinammasin, ar as ttinin hlli *Ɛumar Axyyam*.[7]: 658 [c] mqqar ism ad illa fllas yan unɣam, d ar ttinin mddn is d imzwura nns kkan tt inn ar ttɛdaln igiṭan, d ayt *xyyam* ḍfṛn tawuri n wallam n igiṭan lliɣ tsnamk tguri n "uxiyyam" taguri n "umskar n igiṭan' s taɛrabt.[8]:

Amassan n umzruy Bayhaqi da t issnn udm s wudm, ifka d iṣlaḍ mdanin f mẓṛitran (Lburj) nns inna is t inn ikka "iga Akniw, tafukt d ticirra llant ɣ tkflawt[...]".[9]: 471 [10]: 172–175, no. 66 ɣayad ssmrsn t imassann imaynutn faɣ ad glin ass n tlalit nns ɣ wass n 18 Mayu 1048.[7]: 658

Imẓẓi n uxiyyam izri ɣ Nisabur,[7]: 659 yat tiɣrmt tamqqurt ddaw tmnukda n Isljuqn,[11]: 15 [12] tiɣrmt ad tkka tt inn tga yan wammas imqqurn n usgd azradac.[13]: 68 Ism nns imdan ɣmklli d infalaln ɣ isugam iɛrabn, iga t *Abu l Fatḥ Ɛumar u Ibrahim l-Xayyam*.[d] Tikkiwin nns ttyawkaznt sɣ dar islmadn nns imzwura da t inn yuznn ad yaqqra dar ṭṭalb Muwaffaq Nisaburi d aslmad imqqurn n tmazirt n Xurasan da isslmadn tarwa n imagrn n tmazirt, issmsd dids Uxyyam yat tiddukkla idusn ɣ uzray n isggʷasn.[13] iml is imnaggar uxyyam d Bahmanyar iɣra dids, ɣwad iga yan umḥḍaṛ n u Sina.[8] ukan lliɣ iɣra tusnakt d tflsuft d tusnakt d tsnitran ɣ Nisabur, immatti s tmazirt n Buxara ɣ wattayn n 1068, ɣinn a ɣ ad ittkka tasdlist ilan tisillit n Wark. Ɣ laḍṛaf n usggʷas 1070 immatti s Samarqand ɣ nit issnti ad inẓm adlis nns ittyawssann Adlis n wannag ɣ uljabṛ ddu tgra n Bu Ṭahir Ɛbd rrḥman u Ɛalaq igan amnbaḍ d umḍkud imɣurn n tɣrmt.[14] Axyyam innubga s ifassn rɣanin sɣ dar umnbaḍ n Qaraxanid Cams l-Mulk Naṣr, f inna Lbayhaqi is as issmnid yan waddur imqqurn aylliɣ ur iɣama yat ad igiwr ɣ tama nns ɣ isni".[8]

Ɛumar Ḫayyam ikcm tanafut n Malik-Cah ɣ 1074 lliɣ as iɣra luzir imqqurn n Nẓam l-Mulk ad imnaggar d Malik-Cah ɣ tɣrmt n Marb. Smagln t ad iskr yan usmnu ɣ Iṣfahan, yili ɣ ixf n yat tgrgurt n imassann ad afn yat tannayt tasnitrant iɣʷẓann iwatsn ad daɣ tqzz ɣ usmlussan afarsi.

Lliɣ sul immut Malik-Cah d luzir nns da ittyawnɣan s ufus n tabbaṣta n ungraw asmaɛili n iḥccacn, ingiri Uxyyam d ufaf d ida nns ɣ usarag n tnbaḍt, iddu ilmma ad iḥujju ɣ lalla Mkka. Yan uzakak yaḍnin intln f umuddu nns s lḥijj, yiwi d fllas Al-Qifṭi, iga t ad iml i mddn is iga anflus s usgd n lislam bac ad ikks tumla n turda d iwnnan n ibaḍan (iẓḍaṛ is dars kra d usgd azradac niɣ d is akkʷ gis ifls) ɣaylli fllas nnan kra n ayt usgd qjrnin. [13][15] iɣra as daɣ Aṣlḍan amaynu Sanjar ɣ Marb, afad ad iswuri ɣ tsnitrant ɣ wagʷns n ibrgmmi.[1] ittyujja ad d yurri s Niṣabur acku tadusi nns ur sul tgi ɣiklli tt. Lliɣ d ukan yurri, ar ittinin is iddr tudrt n uẓlay.[16]: 99

Ɛumar Axyyam immut lliɣ inɣa 83 n isggʷasn ɣ tɣrmt nns nit Nisabur ɣ wass n 4 dujanbir 1131, ittyawmḍal ɣ ma iga ɣassad tizɣact n Ɛumar Axyyam.

Timḍlt n Ɛmar Axyyam ɣ Nisabur

Tusnakt

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Ɛumar Axyyam ila tisillit ɣ tudrt nns s tusnakt. Tiwuriwin nns ddrnin ɣ tusnakt gant: (i) yat tbrat ɣ ussfru n timmariwin zdinin d maɣ inẓa Uqlids ɣ udlis nns (*Risāla fī Sharḥ mā Ashkal min Muṣādarāt Kitāb Uqlīdis*), imdan ɣ dujanbir 1077,[17][18][19][20] d yat tbrat f tbḍit n umkuẓ n yat tẓayrt (Risālah fī Qismah Rub' al-Dā'irah), ur ittyakud maccan rad imdu zwar tabrat f Ljbr,[17][19] Adlis f uljabr (Risālah fi al-Jabr wa'l-Muqābala),[17] irwas nit is imda ɣ 1079.[5] Yura daɣ yan udlis f tiẓiṛt tabinumit d iḍi n uẓur wis "n" sɣ uṭṭunn urfisn, macc yucka (ijla) udlis ad.

Tasnitran

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Ɣ 1074-5, Ɛumar Ḫayyam iṣifḍ t uṣlḍan Malik Cah ad ibnu yan usmnu ɣ Iṣfahan d ad isggm asmlussan afarsi. Tkka tt inn tlla gis yat trabbut n tam imassann ar swuruyn ddaw tnbaḍt n uxyyam afad ad skrn yan usmnu asnitran win yat tskala iflin, ggusn daɣ tabadut tasnitrant.[21] Allas n usggm n usqqul da ittyawskarn ad igli gud ass amzwaru n usggʷas ɣ tizi n uzray n tuẓẓumt n tafukt ɣ gr usnican alddraran. Ɣayad iga tamatart n ussnti n talddrar niɣ d Nawruz, ass da ɣ tkccm tafukt ɣ tskflt izwurn n win izimmr ur ta ilkm uzal.[22][23]

Asmlussan ad da ssufɣn ittyawsma s waddur n Malik-Cah s usmlussan Ajalali, inti ɣ 15 mars 1079.[24]: 269 Asmnu s ixf nns ittfl kiɣ mad immut n Malik Cah ɣ 1092.[6]

Asmlussan Ajalali iga yan usmlussan anafuk imidi ɣ d ittmcacka ɣaylli ittkka wayyur d tizi n uzray n tafukt ngr uzudyak da as d igan. Asggm n usmlussan ad ifka yan tẓayrt imgalan s 33 n isggʷasn.

Taflusft

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Ɛumar Xyyam ikka tt inn ar ittmnad ixf nns is iga amḥḍaṛ n u Sina (ibn Sina).[25] S wawal n Al-Bayhaqi, ittyawbdar is tt inn ikka ar yaqqra tafirgama ɣ udlis n usijji n u Sina ur ta immut.[6]:

Llant sḍist n tfrawin tiflsafiyin ittyawnna is tnt yura uxyyam. Yat gisnt, "ɣ Tilli" (Fi'l-wujūd), tettyara zwar s tfarsit, ar tettnawal imrsi n tilli d wassaɣ nns d umɣrad. Tifrt yaḍnin, ism nns asutr n umgala d uggru d iɣimi ɣ umaḍal, (ضرورة التضاد في العالم و الجبر و البقاء), adlis ad ittyara s taɛrabt, ar isawal f tawarɣt idrfin d uggru.[25]: Ismawn n twuriwin nns yaḍnin gan *tabrat f umɣrad d usutr* (*Risālah fī'l-kawn wa'l-taklīf*), Tabrat f ufllay ɣ Tilli (*al-Risālah al-ulā fi'l-wujūd*), f tawssna n imnzayn ɣrudnin n Tilli (*Risālah dar 'ilm kulliyāt-i wujūd*), yan usgzl ɣ tfilalin tigamanin (Mukhtasar fi'l-Tabi'iyyāt)

Tamdyazt

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Tamatart tamzwarut f tmdyazt n Ɛumar Ḫayyam tga tin umzruy Ɛimad d-Din l-Iṣfahani, yan umddakkel amẓyan n Ḫayyam, nna t issbidn s uṣriḥ is iga amdyaz d umusnaw (*Ḫaridat l-qaṣr*, 1174).[8]: 49 [55]: 35 Yan zɣ imdyaten imzwura n Rubaɛiyat n Ɛumar Ḫayyam iga win Faḫr d-Din Razi. Ɣ twuri nns *at-Tanbih 'ala ba'ḍ asrar al-maw'dat fi'l-Qur'an* (ɣ 1160), issutur yan zɣ imddaḥn nns (ittɛdal d trbɛit LXII n uẓṛig amzwaru n FitzGerald). Daya ɣ tira nns (*Mirṣād al-'Ibad*, ɣ 1230) issutur snat trbɛin, yat gisnt tga tin nna d yiwi Razi. Yat trbɛit yaḍnin ityawsutur zɣ dar umzruy Juvayni (*Tariḫ-i Jahanɣucay*, ɣ 1226–1283).[55]: 36–37 [8]: 92 Ɣ 1340 Jajarmi isskcm 13 trbɛin n Ḫayyam ɣ twuri nns nna iggutn imdyatn n imdyazn ifarsiyyn ittuyssannin (*Mu'nis al-aḥrar*), snat gisnt ur ttuyassant abla zɣ iɣbula iqdimn.[56]: 434 Yan udlis amggaru imẓiyn iga t Bodleian MS. Ouseley 140, ityaran ɣ Ciraz ɣ 1460, nna iggutn 158 trbɛin ɣ 47 ifrawn. Adlis ad iga win William Ouseley (1767–1842) ityawsɣa zɣ tamsirt n Bodleian ɣ 1844.

Tamdyazt nna ityawggan i Ɛumar Ḫayyam tiwi-d bahra i twngimt nns tatrart ɣ tallit tatrart s ussuɣl n Edward FitzGerald (1859) i imddaḥn ad s tnglizt. *Rubaɛiyat n Ɛumar Ḫayyam* n FitzGerald tgut issuɣuln ifsusn n trbɛin zɣ udlis n Bodleian. Yufa yan uzzru imqqurn ɣ tallit n *fin de siècle* allig yan uɣmis ityaran ɣ 1929 issumr uggar n 300 n iẓṛign,[58] ula wiyyaḍ iggutn ityarun zɣ imikk ann.[57]:

Tisuɣal

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  1. ↑ 1,0 et 1,1 Tikkanen, Amy (28 February 2023). "Omar Khayyam: Persian poet and astronomer". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  2. ↑ Dehkhoda, A.A. "Khayyam". Lūght-nāmah (in Persian). Tehran.
  3. ↑ Levy, Reuben (2011) [1951]. The Persian Language. Routledge Library Editions: Iran, Volume: XV. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-83301-8.
  4. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (July 1999), "Omar Khayyam", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  5. ↑ 5,0 et 5,1 Struik, D.J. (1958). "Omar Khayyam, mathematician". The Mathematics Teacher. LII (4): 280–285. JSTOR 27955652.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 et 6,2 Boyle, J.A. (2007) [1975]. "'Umar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet". In Richard N. Frye (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–664. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.023. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 et 7,2 Boyle, J.A. (2007) [1975]. "'Umar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet". In Richard N. Frye (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–664. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.023. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
  8. ↑ 8,0 et 8,1 Boyle, J.A. (1966). "Omar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. LII (1): 30–45. doi:10.7227/BJRL.52.1.3.
  9. ↑ Ross, E.D.; Gibb, H.A.R. (1929). "The Earliest Account of 'Umar Khayyām". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. V (3): 467–473. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00084615. JSTOR 607341. S2CID 177947195.
  10. ↑ Meyerhof, Max (1948). "ʿAlī al-Bayhaqī's Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam". Osiris. VIII: 122–217. doi:10.1086/368514. JSTOR 301524.
  11. ↑ Sarton, G. (1938). "The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm". Isis. XXIX (1): 15–19. doi:10.1086/347379. JSTOR 225920. S2CID 143678233.
  12. ↑ Edward FitzGerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Ed. Christopher Decker, (University of Virginia Press, 1997), xv; "The Seljuq Turks had invaded the province of Khorasan in the 1030s, and the city of Nishapur surrendered to them voluntarily in 1038. Thus Omar Khayyam grew to maturity during the first of the several alien dynasties that would rule Iran until the twentieth century".
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 et 13,2 Aminrazavi, M. (2007). The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam. Oxford: Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-355-0.
  14. ↑ Rosenfeld, Boris A. (2016). "Umar al-Khayyām". In Helaine Selin (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer–Verlag. pp. 4330b–4332a. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9775. ISBN 978-94-007-7747-7.
  15. ↑ Aminrazavi, M. (2010). "Review: Omar Khayyam: Poet, Rebel, Astronomer, Hazhir Teimourian". Iranian Studies. XLIII (4): 569–571.
  16. ↑ Mohamed, Mohaini (2000). Great Muslim Mathematicians. Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. ISBN 983-52-0157-9.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 et 17,2 Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de; Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1954–2007) [2000]. "ʿUmar K̲h̲ayyām". In H. A. R. Gibb; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. X (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 827b–834a. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1284. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
  18. ↑ Lamb, Evelyn (28 October 2014). "In Which Omar Khayyam Is Grumpy with Euclid". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  19. ↑ 19,0 et 19,1 Vahabzadeh, Bijan (7 May 2014). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "Khayyam, Omar xv. As Mathematician". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  20. ↑ Yuschkevich, Adolph P.; Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1970–1980) [1974]. "Khayyāmī (or Khayyām)". In Charles Coulston Gillispie (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. VII. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. pp. 323b–334a. ISBN 0-684-16962-2.
  21. ↑ Kennedy, Evelyn (1966). "'Omar Khayyam". The Mathematics Teacher. LIX (3): 140–142. doi:10.5951/MT.59.2.0140. JSTOR 27957296.
  22. ↑ Akrami, Musa (11 February 2014). "The Development of Iranian Calendar: Historical and Astronomical Foundations". arXiv:1111.4926v2 [physics.hist-ph].
  23. ↑ Abdollahy, Reza (15 December 1990). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "Calendars ii. In the Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  24. ↑ Farrell, Charlotte (1996). "The Ninth-century Renaissance in Astronomy". The Physics Teacher. XXXIV (5): 268–272. Bibcode:1996PhTea..34..268F. doi:10.1119/1.2344432.
  25. ↑ 25,0 et 25,1 Nasr, S.H.; Aminrazavi, M.; with the assistance of M. R. Jozi (2008). An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. Volume I: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam. London & New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London. ISBN 978-1-84511-541-8.
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