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Mrrakc

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Iɣ ur igi wad amgrad lli tsiggilt, kcm s tasna n Mrrakc bac ad tẓrt akkʷ imgradn nna dar illa yism zun d wad !

Mrrakc
tamdint, tamdint imqqurn
Yamu ɣvilles impériales du Maroc Snfl
Asakud n ussrsl nɣ isllwi1065 Snfl
Ism amaddudمراكش Snfl
Ism ɣ tutlayt taẓuṛantMrrakc Snfl
GentiléMarrakéchoise, Marrakéchois, Amrrakci, Tamrrakcit Snfl
Isrsl tAbu Bakr Ibn Omar Snfl
TamazirtLmɣrib Snfl
Tamaẓunt nImrabṭn, Imwaḥdin, Tamnaḍt n Mṛṛakc-Asfi Snfl
Asdɣr amssugurMarrakech Snfl
Agmmaḍ akudanheure d'Europe de l'Ouest, UTC±00:00 Snfl
Ismlan ijɣrafiyn31°37′46″N 7°58′52″O Snfl
Chef ou cheffe de l'exécutifFatima-Zahra Mansouri Snfl
Membre deOrganisation des villes du patrimoine mondial Snfl
Propriétaire deStade de Marrakech, stade El Harti Snfl
Événement clésiège de Marrakech, siège de Marrakech, siège de Marrakech Snfl
Présent dans l'œuvreCivilization V Snfl
Code postal40000 Snfl
Asit amaddudhttp://www.ville-marrakech.ma Snfl
Histoirehistoire de Marrakech Snfl
Catégorie pour la vue de l'élémentCategory:Views of Marrakech Snfl
Catégorie pour cartes géographiquesCategory:Maps of Marrakech Snfl
Carte

Tga MrrakcMṛṛakc (ar as ttinin ɣilad s yism iẓlin s tmallayt Tamdint taẓggʷaɣtTiɣrmt n wayniwn) yat tmdint ɣ Lmɣrib. Nttat ad igan tis kṛaḍt n tmdinin mqqurnin g tgldit n Lmṛṛuk s uṭṭun amqqran n imzdaɣn gis illan[1]. Tg amnru n tsga n Mṛṛakc-asfi. Taga 580 id kilu mitr d tɣrmt n Ṭanja ɣ iffus aminig, 327 id kilu mitr d tmaẓunt n tgldit n lmṛṛuk Ṛṛbaṭ ɣ iffus aminig, 239 id kilu mitr d Tgmmi tumlilt (ḍḍaṛlbiḍa) ɣ iffus aminig, 246 id kilu mitr d tɣrmt n Ugadir ɣ iẓẓlmḍ aminig. Tga Mrrakc tiɣrmt yat tmdint lli sul iḥḍan assaɣ nns amaziɣ aqbur, tiɣrmt lli imlan i umaḍal tamurt n Lmṛṛuk ɣ yan uzmz azayku yutn s iẓuṛan nns f zrin t kigan n tasutin g umzruy n tmurt n Lmṛṛuk azayku.

Asbddi n tɣrmt illa g usggʷas n 1062, g ufus n Bubkr iwis n Aɛmaṛ Almtuni, lli igan anbdad d iwis n daddas n ugllid i imṛabṭin, Yusf u Tacfin, tg tmdint akud ann amnru n tmbṛaṭuṛit tamṛabṭit. Macc llan kra n isnubbucn ar ttinin mas tbdd tɣrmt tili yad lli dat n usggʷas ann. Tkka tt nn tɣrmt tga yat zɣ kkuẓt n tɣrmin timbṛaṭuṛin g Lmṛṛuk. G tasut tis mrawt d sin, bnan gis imṛabṭin kigan n tinmal timslmin (tinmal n lqʷṛan) d tmzgidawin timṛṛakciyin lli igan anaw n tid illan g Wandalus. Iɣʷrban izggʷaɣn n tɣrmt, lli ibna Ɛli u Yusf u Tacfin g usggʷas n 1123-1122, d kigan n igadirn lli ibna, ibna tn akkʷ s uẓṛu n umlal azggʷaɣ g tizi ann, tili tɣrmt s kigan assaɣ n tɣrmt tazggʷaɣt, s uklu n igadirn nns. Tmɣar tmdint n Mṛṛakc s tzzla, tili ɣ yat tsskʷflt tamajgalt tg ammas adlsan asgdan admsan n tmazɣa akkʷ d tfriqt d iffus n tniri imqqurn. Ig usays n Jamɛ Lfna asays ittamun kigan s ufgan g tafriqt akkʷ.

Kigan n izmaz ad izrin tili tɣrmt g uswir amggaru, macc tiẓḍaṛ sul ad tzri g uswir tiɣrmt n Fas, macc ɣ tasut n ṣḍiṣt d mraw, tiwrri tg Mṛṛakc tikklit yaḍn amnru n tgldit. Tssiwrri d tɣrmt atig nns akswat g ddaw n tnbaḍt n igldan isɛdin id bu wadrim, bab n waddur anbdad n wanaḍ n ṛbbi asɛdi d Aḥmad Lmnṣuṛ Ddhbi, lli isfalkin tamdint s iɣrman ixatarn ilan addur akswat zun d iɣrm n Lbadi (1578), ullsn taska i kigan n isglaln lli d ufan xxurban. Zɣ tasut n sa d mraw, ttawssan tɣrmt tg asanzal n sa iṣufin igʷrramn lli ittawmḍaln gis.

G usggʷas n 1912 tasut n ufrag afṛanṣi g Lmṛṛuk iga Tthami Aglawwu lbaca n Mṛṛakc, yili g tsɣnt ann zɣ ufrag ar azmz n trlli n tmurt, lliɣ issfal ungraw agldan g usggʷas n 1956. G usggʷas n 2009, tga Faṭima Zzhṛa Lmnṣuṛi tanbdadt n tɣiwant n Mṛṛakc, tg tamɣart tis snat lli igan amɣiwan g Lmṛṛuk akkʷ.

Ass ad, tga yat zɣ tɣrmin timallayin lli bahra ittawssann g tfriqt akkʷ, tswuri alliɣ tga ammas admsan aslway n tmallayt g tmazɣa akkʷ awd tafriqt, tamallayt nns lli isggur ugllid amṛṛuki Muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ, ig uwttas nns ad igatn imallayn lli d ittddun s Lmṛṛuk alliɣ ilkm uṭṭun nnsn 20 mlyun n umallay s usggʷas n 2020. Mqqar tlla tassast tadmsant, tmɣar tska igatn isnsa g Mṛṛakc s kigan g tasut n sin d mraw d yan. Tlla Mṛṛakc g yat tskkʷflt tamajgalt tamqrant, tẓli bahra dar imallayn d tugt n inaẓuṛn imḍlann d itran n umaḍal, lli iṭṭfn ayda nnsn g tɣrmt ad.

Illa g Mṛṛakc yan ugadaz amqran azayku amzruy imqqurn g Lmṛṛuk akkʷ, agadaz ad illa g ugnsu nns ma ittggan 18 n ugadaz lliɣ a ttnuzant tɣawsiwin (zɣ uẓṭṭa amaziɣ amzray ar imassn aliktṛuniyn imaynutn). Iswuri g tmiḍi tazaykut (tabldit) uṭṭun mqqurn n imzdaɣ, lli izznzan tiɣawsiwin nnsn i imallayn. Tili g Mṛṛakc yat tsayst mmi igudar tazaykut lli yuman s imznuza d lkyuṣkat nnsn tili g tɣrmt tazaykut (taqdimt) ig udɣar ann ayda lli tga Yunisku d tngmi tamḍlant.[2]

Tiwatlin lli illan g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, illa uzagʷz n taylalin n Mṛṛakc Lmnaṛa Amaḍlan, d usbdud n ubrid n wuzzal (Asbdud n ulaway n Mṛṛakc) lli izdin tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc d Tgmmi tumlilt d iẓẓlmḍ n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. Llant g Mṛṛakc kigan n tsdawiyin d tinmal, yat zgisnt tasdawit n Qaḍi Ɛyyaḍ. Ilin gis kigan n imarisn n tunnunt n tawjja n uḍaṛ tamṛṛukit, zgisn amaris n Itri Amṛṛakci d amaris n Lkawkab Amṛṛakci d umaris n Muludiya n Mṛṛakc. Ar ttilin g Mṛṛakc imḥizwarn n tmɣurin (timssudutin) timaḍlanin n tmarrayt d imḥizwarn n tmssudutin n tsmɣurt n lfuṛmila 2.

Aẓuṛ n yism

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Llan kigan n warratn d kigan n tullisin ar sawaln t f unamk n wassaɣ n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc,[3]ikk d uẓuṛ n wassaɣ n Mṛṛakc zɣ tawalt ‘amurakuc’ (s tutlayt tamaziɣt ‘amur n akuc)[4]. lli igan s unamk akal n ṛbbi s tɛṛabt: وطن الله. iklli tbdr tmzrawt tamzruyt ‘suzan sirayt’, mas ittyura wassaɣ n tmdint tikklit izwarn g yat tnfult lli d ikkan tasut tis mrawt d yan g tsdlist n iqarawin g tɣrmt n fas, tirra ann fkan t as anamk n ‘ tamurt n tarwa n akuc’ s tɛṛabt: بلد أبناء أكوش. tawalt n ‘amur’ ar tt addrnt middn s ɣilad s tawtmant ‘tamurt’, d awd tawalt ad nit n ‘amur’ tlla g wassaɣ n muriṭanya, tagldit n iẓẓlmḍ n tfriqt ‘tamazɣa’ g izmaz izaykutn lli izrin. assaɣ n Mṛṛakc as ttawssan tmurt ad akkʷ dar tmizar yaḍnin, ar nn tt afa tawalt ad tlla sul g ils n tutlayin yaḍn zund tafarisit(Mṛṛakc) d tsbanyulit(maṛṛiykus) d tnglizt (muṛṛuku).

Aẓuṛ n ism n murakuc niɣ Mṛṛakc igat «amur n wakuc». amur iga akal d wakuc iga smit lli stin kan ar ttinin i rbi. smit n Mṛṛakc tsrg i tutlayin tiṛumiyin alliɣ a ttinin i lmɣrib. ar ttinin ifransawiyn «maṛuk», isblyuniyn «maṛṛukus», ibrtqqizn nɣd iburtuɣaliyn ar ttinin «maṛṛukus», ngalza ar ttinin «muṛṛuku», ilalmaniyn ar ttinin «maṛṛuku». abla iturkiyn lli as ittinin «fas», d iraniyn lli as ittinin «muṛṛakuc».

Zɣ tasutin izwarn ar assnti n tasut simraw, ikka tt inn wamur n lmṛṛuk akkʷ ittawssan s ism n (tgldit n Mṛṛakc), acku tizi ann Mṛṛakc aggan amnru amzray n tgldit. assaɣ n lmṛṛuk ar ɣilad ittawssan dar kigan n tutlayin s ‘Mṛṛakc’, ar iffus n asya.[4].

Amzruy

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Tamnaḍt n Mṛṛakc

Ikka tt inn yili sul izdɣ g tmnaḍt n Mṛṛakc imkrazn imaziɣn zɣ tasut n uẓṛu tamaynut, ttyafant kigan n tmatarin d imassn n uẓṛu g udɣar ad. tlla tbdd Mṛṛakc tga tiɣrmt g usggʷas n 1062, g ufus n bubkr iwis n aɛmaṛ almtuni, lli igan anbdad ig iwis n daddas n ugllid amṛabṭi Yusf u Tacfin (1106-11061). Ɣ tasut n twja tamaziɣt tamṛabṭit, ttskant kigan n tmzgidawin d tinmal timslmin (tinmal n lqʷṛan), allig imqqur umun ig ammas admsan d tsbbabt g tmazɣa akkʷ awd tfriqt iffus n tanzruft.

Tmqqur Mṛṛakc s tizzla tg ammas admsan asgdan, tili g uswir lliɣ tt inn tkka aɣmat, lli s tt inn ikkan ɣ ɣad izrin tga amnru n tmnaḍt n lḥuz. id bab n tzzulin tizaykutin indalusin zɣ tqṛṭubt d tcblit bnan sfalkin kigan n iɣrman g tɣrmt, allig ifalki uggar anaw amawi lli s ttawssan tqubba d igllayn lli ittawmḍaln g tmdint. imsasa wanaw ad andalusi d wanawn n tẓuṛi n tnzruft d tagut n tfriqt, allig iga mayan yan wanaw iẓlin s uẓkka n udɣar n Mṛṛakc akkʷ. ikmml yusf iwis n tacfin timzgida tamzwarut g tɣrmt (timzgida n iwis n yusf, lli illan f wassaɣ nns). ttbnant tgʷmma, tddz gis tgʷrict n idrimn, ikcm d urɣ d uẓṛf s tɣrmt s ikabaṛn lli d sis ikccmn. tga tɣrmt g uzmz ann amnru n tgldit tamṛabṭit, lli iswuttan zg iftasn n ssinigal ar tuẓẓumt n ssbanyul d iftasn n yill n waṭlaṣ ar tiɣrmt n dzayr.

Lliɣ iwala unbḍ n lmuwaḥidin[4] kcmn tamdint asggʷas n 1147, gn tt amnru n tnbaḍt nnsn. gn gis kigan n tmatarin igan tin umzruy lli sul igan addur d ifl umzruy s ɣilad zun d tassumɛit n lkutubiya s snat tmzgidawin nnsn, d igudar, imawn, turtatin, d tilggʷit illan f wasif n tansift tɣama sul s ɣilad tga tin ubrid ar azmz ad izrin lli d yaẓn. ɣikad as tssn Mṛṛakc yat g ddaw n tnbaḍt n imuḥidn yan uẓnẓṛ mqquṛn lli s tt igan d yan wammas asrtan admsan adlsan ur illi wanaw nns g tsga n tagut tamslmt.

Lliɣ tamum tnbaḍt n imuḥidn kkusan imriniyin lli d ikkan iming (iming n Lmṛṛuk) asggʷas n 1269 tamdint macc skrn g tɣrmt n fas amnru nnsn acku tmlal i tmazirt nnsn lli igan aẓuṛ nnsn, s ɣikan tḍḍṛ Mṛṛakc s uswir ɣ tt inn tkka, tg ammas wis sin g tmurt. ɣ usggʷas n 1551 tsswrri d tɣrmt aswir nns g ddu n tnbaḍt n isɛdin (1659-1589). g tasut nnsn ag bnan kigan n tẓkka tamaynut yan zɣ gisn iɣrm n lbdiɛ d wamun n imuwasin d tinml n iwis n yusf d iṣmḍal n isɛdin d aṭṭaṣ n tsugam.

Ɣ ddu n tnbaḍt n iɛalawin, yuls Mulay Ṛacid i tska n tmzgida n iwis ṣalḥ amrini, d lliɣ t inn iḍfaṛ mulay smaɛil ur tt sul yiwi g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, irur taɣḍft nns s tmdint n umknas. macc agllid mass muḥmmad immaɣ yulls i tska n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc bac ad as d issiwrri aswir llig tlla, lliy yad immaɣ ad ibnu isfalki i tẓkka n tɣrmt d awd ibna tmatarin yaḍn timaynutin. nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas tkmml tawlaft n Mṛṛakc g tagara zɣ lliɣ issfal unbḍ n ugllid ad. g ḍaṛat n tnbaḍt nns kullu willi d yuckan is aka ttalsn i tẓkka d tska n tɣrmt, mayad nnsn issfal zg tasut tamuẓunt.

Tajugṛafit

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Asif n urika g tanila n Mṛṛakc

Ɣ iggi n wakal, taggug Mṛṛakc 580 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n ṭanja, d 327 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n tɣrmt n ṛṛbaṭ, d 239 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n tgmmi tumlilt (anfa), d 196 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n bni amllal, 177 kilu mitr iming n mmu ugadir (taṣṣuṛt), d 246 kilu mitr iẓẓlmḍ n ugadir. tuma tmdint n Mṛṛakc s iẓẓlmḍ zg tuẓẓumt n tɣrmt tazaykut d min as yutsn ddawdiyat d tgʷmma n ddrawc (dyuṛ lmsakin) d mas ɛbbad ( sidi ɛbbad) d ssqṛ d umrcic, ar iffus aminig n (mass yusf iwis n ɛli), s tagut ar masrad trja, f iffus n tagut n lmḥamid bṛṛa n uzagʷz. f ubrid p2017 lli itt awin s iffus n tɣrmt s tmizar d iḍuṛan mqqurn zun d dwaṛ lhna, d twajana, lkwasm, d lahibitcat. lli itt awin izri g tnzruft ar tɣrmt n tḥnnawt lli illan f isil n waṭlaṣ mqqurn, lli igan adrar mqqurn g tmazɣa akkʷ. ar ilkkm usɣal lli idl udfl g waṭlaṣ mqqurn uggar n 3000 mitru. adrar ann iga uggar n wakal nns aẓṛu ajiri ajuṛasi. yuma udrar n waṭlaṣ amqqran f tiɣzi nns aftas n yill n waṭlaṣ, issuda f iming n ugadir iddu ar iẓẓlmḍ aminig n dzayr allig ibdd g tuns.

Illa wasif n iwrikn f tmaggugt n 30 id kilu mitr iffus n Mṛṛakc, iẓḍaṛ ufgan ad ismaqql adrar n yaguṛ lli idln s udfl amllal zɣ iffus n tmdint. ikka tt inn umsksl amirikani (dafid briskut barwuz) imla Mṛṛakc s wassaɣ n (tɣrmt tamzwagt) lli ɣ a isawal f tzdugi nns inna:

" Tlla tɣrmt ngr 15 niɣ 20 mil taggug f isil n udrar n waṭlaṣ lli d fllas ittaggʷan yattuy fllas kigan tg tawlaft nns tad iẓlin tafalkayt. aḍu n tnzruft izddign, iẓḍaṛ usmmaqql a iggr i tfras yattuyn n udrar ann zɣ tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming, idl t udfl acmrar n tgrst, d ignwan iggi nns ifiruzn lli fllas igan iwutta i iẓṛan imɣdiddin d txfawin nnsn tanafllatin lli d dar yan ufulki ur illi wanaw nns. "

Adrar n laṭlaṣ amqran d ittaggʷan f  Mṛṛakc

Tasna n Mṛṛakc tga 130000 n hiktaṛ n tsna tazgzat d uggar n 180000 n taddagt n tiyni g urti n tayniwin n Mṛṛakc, tga tɣrmt yat tẓnagt ɣ tmun tuga immrkksn. f tɣzi i imirn n usggʷas, llan g turtit n ugdal d turtit n lmnaṛa d turtatin yaḍn n tɣrmt addagn n litcin d wazar d ṛmman d tzmmurt d mad lan n wanaw d ikʷlan d igumma. ẓlin t turtatin n tmdint s kigan n tuga tinamurin awd tid d ickmn zɣ tmizar n bṛṛa tasutin lli izrin, zɣ gisn lxayzuran amqran d lyukas d lbardi d wanawn n tayniwin yaḍn d waddagn n lbanan d ssru d wadagn n tayri d tuẓutin n ujjig d lbuɣnaqilya d waddagn n ubuhu d kigan n wanawn n tuẓutin n uknari.

Anzwi

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Tddr Mṛṛakc g unzwi izwan, g tgrst anzwi nns amṛwaṣu ilmumin, g unbdu izwa irɣ, tirɣi tamṛwaṣut g tmdint tlla ngr 28-29 n tsskkʷflt g imir n unbdu d 12 n tsskkʷflt ɣ tgrst, irwas usɣl n uẓaṛ iṭṭaṛn g Mṛṛakc g tgrst asɣl n unẓaṛ g tmnaḍin akkʷ n yill acmlal amṛwaṣu, macc asɣl ann idrus f usɣl ittilin g tɣrmin n iẓẓlmḍ amṛwaṣu. aɣawas ad ar immal tisskkʷfal[5] n trɣi ɣ Mṛṛakc s ma ila usggʷas:[6]

ayyur innayr ibṛayr maṛṣ ibrir may yunyu yulyuz ɣuct cutanbir ktubṛ nwanbir dujambir
azmmem n trɣi 33 34 37 42 46 47 49 48 46 43 39 34
azmmem n uṣmmiḍ -6 -2 4 5 7 9 14 15 10 6 4 -2

Tanfalit n imzdaɣn

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Mk lli imla usiḍn n usggʷas n 2014, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣ g Mṛṛakc 928.850 n ufgan ɣ mnid n uṭṭun n 843.575 n ufgan asggʷas n 2004. ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin g usggʷas n 2014, llig ilkm uṭṭun n tawja 217.245 n takat ɣ mnid n 173603 n tawja g usggʷas n 2004[7].

Tadamsa

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Tawlaft n usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ yiḍ

Mṛṛakc tga yan wammas g tddr tdamsa tudrt ibuɣlan d tussna n Lmṛṛuk. Asɣudu n ibridn imsazzaln ngr ugadir d tgmmi tumlilt d uzagʷz lmnaṛa lli bahra iziydn i uṭṭun n imallayn ɣ tɣrmt, ibrdan ad d uzagʷz ad lli d itt awin i tɣrmt uggar n ma ittggan sin id lmlyun n umallay zɣ kra iga tt tmazirt g umaḍal kra iga tt asggʷas. lliɣ tla tmallayt yan waddur amqran g tdmsa n lmṛṛuk, agllid muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ iwis n lḥasan lli ifkan awal mas rad d t awi tsrtit n tgldit nns 20 id lmlyun n umallay kra iga tt asggʷas s lmṛṛuk urta ilkm usggʷas n 2020, ig uṭṭun n imallayn aslag ɣ usggʷas n 2012. tiɣrmt tuma s ifṛansin, isɣa gis kigan n unaẓuṛ d willi ittawssann ifṛansin kigan n wakal d tgʷmma, zɣ gisn id bab n lmuḍa ‘if san luṛan’ d ‘jun bul gutti’.

Ɣ tasut lli izrin, iddr g tɣrmt yan uṭṭun idrusn n ibṛṛaniyn, macc isnfarn n tgmi tafrkant ggudin g isggʷasn ad id 15 lli izrin, lliɣ ilkm usggʷas n 2005 isɣa uggar n 3000 n ubṛṛani tafrka g tmdint, tlditn d tussna nns d watig n tzduɣt lli mi idrus waddur. ittawbdar mayad g tsɣunt tamalast tafṛanṣist ‘luban’ mas Mṛṛakc tga yan usbdad n tugtt n taylalin tuṛubiyin.

Igadazn d wammasn n tsbbabt

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Tasbbabt n tɣawsiwin tizaykutin ɣ igadazn n tɣrmt n mṛṛakc

Mṛṛakc dars yan ugadaz azayku lli bahra imqqurn g lmɣrib (lmṛṛuk) tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, tbuɣla sis tadamsa, tili tmndint tawlaft nns ifulkin bahra ɣar s ugadaz nns amqqran lli yutn s iẓuṛan nns g umzruy n tɣrmt. inna ‘bul sulifan’ f igadazn n Mṛṛakc mas gan yan udɣar lli d izwarn dar imzdaɣ d imallayn ad tẓrn :( aqṣṛi n tammnt lli igan iswak izdin ngr mmnzrin ngr asn, tasga yad lli igan kra iẓlin ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut n Mṛṛakc iga s ixf nns tiɣrmt mẓẓiyn, iman gis yan uṭṭun iggudin n lkyuṣkat d tḥuna n tsbbabt, mẓẓiyn t zdin t gr asn t krin t gnt zun d inziggn n ɛala ddin lli bahra yuman s tugt n tzuzaf ismriqqiyn iɣ nn disn tkcm t.)   Ɣ umzruy kkan tt inn igadazn ad bḍan f wammasn iẓlin s uzznzi n tsbbabt istin zun d azznz n ilm, d uẓṭṭa, d izuɣar d idqqi. illa sul ukan ubṭṭu ngr wammasn ad macc s yat tɣarast tamaynut ur igin zun d talli s tt inn tkka, tkcm nn gis awd tsbbabt n tɣawsiwin timaynutin. kigan n igadazn n Mṛṛakc ar gisn inzza uẓṭṭa d tmlsa tmaslmt taqburt, d wacckaṛn n ilm, d usufa. ar ukan sul ttawan middn ɣ igadazn ad f watig n tɣawsiwin ad.

Igadazn

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Tasbbabt n tɣawsiwin n tɛṭṭaṛt tizaykutin ɣ igadazn n tɣrmt n mṛṛakc

Agdz n Ismmaṛn: ig ugadaz lli imɣarn g tɣrmt walli ilan assaɣ n (agdz n ismmaṛn), lliɣ a tnzza tawqqant, ṣṣnaḍl, d idukan ilan tizuzaf iṭṭfn ikʷlan icnan, d imsggiwrn n ilm, d tzuzaf n urɣ d uẓṛf, d tmlsa iẓlin s tffugliwin.

Agdz n Ubluḥ: llan g ugdz n ubluḥ kra n lkyuṣkat lli iẓlin s uẓmma n litcin, d ififl iḥṛṛan (tahrist), lkabaṛ, d igumma ittawsyyaṛn, azmmur adal d uzggʷaɣ d usggan, d liqamt, ig adɣar n watay ittmunan d iẓmmatn imɣribin.

Agdz n Kcaca: iẓli ugadaz ad s uzznz n igumma lli izwan, d lfakit, zund tiyni, d tazart, d waqqayn n tswik, d lluz, d lkaju, d lmcmac.

Agdz n Ṛṛḥbt azayku: lli iẓlin s tsbbabt n isknan ittẓḍan s ufus, d tujjutin, d ṭṭṛabc ittawskarn s ufus, d tmlsa yaḍn zun d liẓaṛat, d ljinsing, d ilm n igwana.

ilin igadazn yaḍn zund agadaz n isyyaɣn iẓlin s tzuzaf, d ugdz n smata ittawssann tiram n uɣlal (lbabbuc) d uzznz n iɣuda. ili ugdz n icṛṛaṭn lli g llan imassn n ilm, d ugdz n blɛarf ar gis nzzan t tɣawsiwin ad timaynutin lli ttnawaln middn ɣilad. d ugdz n id bab n uzzal lliɣ llan imassn n uzzal d isufa n uzzal (lfnaṛ).

ili ɣ gr igadazn ad ammas n tiniḍi lli f tbdd tnbaḍt, ili g wammas ad tiwuriwin n tẓuṛi timẓẓan d tiniḍi d tɣawsiwin n ilm zun d aẓṭṭa aqbur d tmẓẓilla n tmzgadiwin. ar gis ttlmadn awd imlmadn iḥudrin f ifassn n trubba n idbab n tiniḍi inmɣurn.

Tamallayt

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Tamallayt g mṛṛakc

Tga tmallayt kra ilan addur i tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc ifk as yan uswir yattuyn, ɣ gr tmdinin n tmallayt ɣ umaḍal. lliɣ illa dar tmdint ad ayda ggutn lli as d ifl umzruy nns, tg ula tiɣrmt n igrawn imaḍalan.

Isnsutn

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Asnsu n mṛṛakc

Asnsu gan sin wanawn, llan isnsa imaynutn imqquṛn lli d tsckm tmallayt n umaḍal, ilin isnsa izaykutn lli izdin kigan d tawssna n Mṛṛakc d tin lmɣrib akkʷ. isnsa izaykutn bahra lli igan kra s ttawssan tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc zɣ zik, anaw ad n isnsa illa ɣ kigan n tmizar n umaḍal aqbur. isnsa ad ar tn inn nttafa gan snat tdaliwin waha (taskka), ilin t gis tmṣṛay lli issutln i usarag lliɣ a ittili lḥuḍ g tlla tuga d ijjign niɣ d taddagt, tadala n wakal ar gis skarn id bab n usnsu adɣar ɣ ḥḍḍun tiɣawsiwin d imudar d isnwi, macc tidaliwin n uflla llant gis tmṣṛay d ɣ illi ɣ anssan isbbabn d ittackan zɣ bṛṛa n tɣrmt. gan isnsa ad awd ammasn n twuri, isnsa ad ar bahra ttilin f tɣzi n ubrid amqran lli illan g tɣrmt niɣ f tsga n imawn n tɣrmt, taftn inn mlaln kigan i igadazn d idɣarn lliɣ llan isbbabn d id bab n tniḍi. zund asnsu lli imlaln i ugdz iẓlin s tamimt, ar tin nttafa ila assaɣ n usnsu n skkaṛ, acku iẓli s isbbabn n tmsaɣt n skkaṛ. ili awd usnsu n tɛṭṭaṛt, lli iẓlin awd nttan ɣas s isbbabn n tmsaɣt n tɛṭṭaṛt. ilin kigan n isnsa iẓlin s wanawn n tɣawsiwin yaḍn tizi ann, bdrn warratn n umzruy mas tt inn kkan g Mṛṛakc isnsa iẓlin s trubba n isgdan iṣufin.

Asnsu n ṛṛyaḍ Mugaḍuṛ n Mṛṛakc
Asnsu n Mṛṛakc azayku (lxan)

Llan isnsa g Mṛṛakc zɣ lliɣ issfal umzruy n tlalit nns. tlla tizi ɣ buɣlan tattuy twuri nnsn ili uzmz maɣ nɣuban qqnn ttuntn middn, izdi mayan d umzruy d ussan n tɣrmt lli tddr. azmz lliɣ bahra tlla tɣrmt ɣ uswir yattuyn buɣlun ɣ tizi ann isnsa ad, iga t uzmz n imṛabṭin d imuḥidn(lmuwaḥidin) tasut n (yan d mraw d tasut n kraḍ d mraw), d uzmz n isɛdin tasut n (sḍis d mraw), awd azmz ɣ tlla tɣrmt ddaw n tnbaḍt n kra igldan iɛalawin lli tn d iḍfaṛn. macc tasut n simraw, idwr umun lliɣ tlla tɣrmt g ufus n fṛansa (1912-1956), lliɣ tmɣar tmdint n Mṛṛakc tffaɣ akkʷ ngr igudar nns imzruyn, ar d tmuddun ibudrarn d middn lli issutln i tɣrmt d wiyyaḍ d ikkan tiɣrmawin yaḍn n lmɣrib, dwrn t kigan n tgʷmma d ṛyaḍat n middn d wammasn lmxzn gn isnsa s watig idrusn. tfka tɣiwant n Mṛṛakc uṭṭunn g usggʷas n 2010, mas s tt inn kkan isnsa g Mṛṛakc gan uggar n 132 n usnsu zɣ usggʷas n1972, agurn ɣilad gan 96 n usnsu azayku g Mṛṛakc ɣ usggʷas n 2010.

Lliɣ tga zɣ tɣrmin mqqurnin lli ittawssan s tmallayt g tfriqt akkʷ, illa g Mṛṛakc uggar n 400 n usnsu.

‘Asnsu n tmamunt’, lli igan asnsu d dar 5 titratin ɣ (art diku), ittbna ɣ usggʷas n 1925 ɣ ifassn n ‘hinri brust’ d ‘antwan maṛkiẓyu’, ig usunsu ad walli d dar bahra addur g tɣrmt ittawssan bahra. isnnubga usnsu ad s kigan n udmawn bahra ittawssan g umaḍal, zɣ gisn winstun tcrcl d tcaṛlz agldun n wilz d mik jagṛ. imyar tcrcl a isunfu ɣ ugnsu n turtatin n usnsu ar gisn iṛccm tiflt n ikʷlan. smaynun asnsu ad lli ɣ llant 231 n tmṣṛay, lliɣ illa lkaẓinu, g usggʷas n 1986, smaynunt tiklit yaḍnin g usggʷas n 2007 ɣ ufassn n tmumka ufṛanṣi jak gaṛsiya.

Ilin isnsa yaḍnin imqqurn zun d asnsu ɛadan andalu, d usnsu n Mṛṛakc, d sufitil n Mṛṛakc, d usnsu rwayyal miṛaj, d usnsu n bisina dil, g usggʷas n 2020 kcmn d isnsa n ṛutana lmɣrib s tmnhla n isnsa s kṛaḍ n miṛay ittawssann lli ilan smmus itran. g maṛṣ 2012, tnnuṛẓm akuṛ asnsu dars izwarn lli yusin tamatart n bulman n tsbbabt ɣ Mṛṛakc, asnsu d spa bulman Mṛṛakc g lmiṛay. illa usnsu ad g yat turtit n uzmmur s tsna n 17 n hiktaṛ ɣ la bilmiṛi, ili gis 252 n tmṣṛit d 16 n wammas n imnɣaṛ d sḍiṣ n tsiram d yat tdala n tsmuni lli mi tla tsna nns 535 n mitru amkkuẓ.[8]

Timatarin n tɣrma

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Gant tmatarin n tɣrma lli d ifl umzruy a illi ifkan aẓnẓṛ n Mṛṛakc g umaḍal akkʷ a lliɣ tga yat tɣrmt n tmallayt, ar d ttackan kigan n imallayn zɣ tmizar n umaḍal bac ad ẓṛn timatarin n umzruy lli sul isuln bddnt ɣ Mṛṛakc gnt inigi n uzmz ann, iɣ nsawl f tmatarin ad iqqand a nsawl f usays n jamɛ lfna nsawl awd f tmzgida lkutubiya d tssumɛit nns awd nsawl f iɣrman lli iggudin ɣ Mṛṛakc d ṛyaḍat d tgʷmma tizaykutin…(ɣr amgrad ad ttawbdarnt gis tmatarin ad tiɣrmawin).

Tiniḍi

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Tiniḍi n tadbbaɣt n ilm ɣ mṛṛakc

Tga tniḍi tazaykut zɣ twuriwin d tmyurin lli d ifl umzruy i middn ɣ lmɣrib, kigan n twuriwin ad tizaykutin ar tnt inn nttafa ɣ tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tazaykut (taqburt) izdi mayan d lliɣ ran imzdaɣ z izwar tiɣawsiwin ann, zun d tanjjaṛt d tagnnayt d uẓṭṭa d taṭṛṛaẓt d tadrrazt d wanuḍ n uzzal, d tniḍi n zllij amɣribi d ifckan n idqqi, d tazwwaqt n ukccuḍ d lgabṣ d kigan n twuriwin yaḍn.

Tskr tnbaḍt yan wammas niɣ tamṣṛit n usmuttg n tniḍi n tsga n Mṛṛakc asfi akkʷ, illa wammas ad imlal i tmzgiga n lkutubiya d usays n ljamɛ lfna.[9]

Timatarin timzray

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Gant tmatarin n tɣrma lli d ifl umzruy a illi ifkan aẓnẓṛ n Mṛṛakc g umaḍal akkʷ a lliɣ tga yat tɣrmt n tmallayt tgn assaɣ nns g umzruy s tiddas ggutn, ar d ttackan kigan n imallayn zɣ tmizar n umaḍal bac ad ẓṛn timatarin n umzruy lli sul isuln bddn t ɣ Mṛṛakc gnt inigi n uzmz ann.

Asays n Jamɛ Lfna

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Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Jamɛ Lfna
Asays n Jamɛ Lfna

Iga usays n jamɛ lfna yan usarag amagdud n urarn d taḍṣa d tffugliwin n imzdaɣ awd imallayn g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk, ig usays ad ul n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, ikk tt iin ig sul adɣar izdin ngr tɣrmt d lqṣbt n lmxzn d umllaḥ, ig amsnzl n imzwag d imallayn zɣ kra iga tt adɣar g lmṛṛuk awd zɣ bṛṛa nns, bac ad ẓṛn asfsr n urarn n iɛisawiyn d ad sɣdn i tullisin zɣ imawn n wid tallsnin i taddminin, ssfldn i uẓawan n idbab n umarg ẓṛn iḥwacn d kigan n udmawn n tẓuṛi d tussna ggutn illan g tmurt n lmṛṛuk, lliɣ isman usays ad udmawn ad n tẓuṛi d tussna iggutn tẓli tt lyunisku tg tt d wayda d tingmi n tfganit, tull alɣu nns f mayan asggʷas n 2001[10].

Amzruy n usays

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Tawlaft n ugrrab ssi Saɛid d umddakkʷl nns Muḥmmad


Izdi umzruy n usays n jamɛ lfna d tasut lliɣ ttbna tmdint n Mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk asggʷas n (1071-1070), ittbna usays n ‘jamɛ lfna’ g tasut n tnbaḍt tamṛabṭit tasut tis smmus t tahijrit tg yat tuwẓut n tsbbabt macc addur nns iɣli s kigan lliɣ ttbna tmzgida n lkutubiya lliɣ yumẓ umzruy ann tasut akkʷ. skrn igldan yaḍn lli d yuckan tizi ann ḍaṛat nnsn ɣ usays ad asbdad n isardasn nnsn, d ar zɣ gis thyyan ikabaṛn n isardasn nnsn iɣ rad ddun s kra n imnɣi, imnɣan lli skarn bac ad smann tiɣrmawin yaḍn d tmizar lli asn yaẓn bac ad tnt gn ddaw n tnbaḍt nnsn, zɣ tizi yan iga usays ad tamatart icnan n tɣrmt, tla sis tmurt akkʷ addur, tɣudu dar maṛṛa inmmudda lli gis izrin.[11]

Aẓuṛ n yism

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Aẓawan n tgnawit g usays n Jamɛ Lfna
Iwiz iɣudan n tgnawit g usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc

Illa ma izdin assaɣ ad n jamɛ lfna d ixʷrban n usays n iɣrm n uẓṛu amṛabṭi lli as imlaln, asays n iɣrm lli n ufan ddaw ixʷrban n tmzgida n lkutubiya.

Tawalt n ‘lfna’ lli mi d ikka unamk nns is irwas zɣ tawalt illan g tutlayt taɛṛabt (الدمار- الخراب ), mayad illa inigi nns g tugga lli fkan idbab n umzruy lliɣ nn ufan yat tmzgida tamqrant ixxurban g tuẓẓumt n usays n jamɛ lfna, lli igan ḍaṛat n mayan asays bahra ittawssann g umaḍal.

Ittawbdar ɣ udlis n ‘amzruy n ssudan’ igan win ɛbdṛṛḥman iwis n ɛbdllah asɛdi atambukti (1655-1596) lliɣ isawl f tmaḍunt n ṭṭaɛun lli yutn Mṛṛakc g tasut n ugllid ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi, iklli s inna: ‘iwiɣ d inɣmisn mas ibna ugllid mulay ḥmad timzgida, ibnut s yat talɣa igan fɣnit, iga as assaɣ n tmzgida n lhna, macc timukrisin ann ur t ujjant as tt gis yawi ad s tt ikmml allig immut, idwr wassaɣ nns akud ann s wassaɣ n ‘jamɛ lfna’ ‘asufɣ bardin, 1898, tanfult 205’. macc ur nssn awal ad is isawl f tmzgida lli illan ɣilad niɣ talli ixxurban[12].

Imik f usays

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Tawlaft n usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ yiḍ ɣ tmdint n Mṛṛakc

Iga usays ad ul n tmdint n Mṛṛakc, iga usays ad asays n inmuqqarn d urarn, ilin gis wid ittallsn i tullisin n zik, d ihyyaḍn, d imarirn ttḥucnin d wid ismurign, d willi itturarn s imudar d wid ittnqacn s lḥnna.

Tifalkayin n wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit:

tawlaft n umurar s ibnkaln lli ittawssan s wassaɣ n ‘uɛisawi’ g usays n jam3 lfna.

G usggʷas n 1997, gan inn tiggʷas kigan n idbab n tussna imṛṛukiyn d lyunisku ɣ yan udwal g Mṛṛakc sawl gis bac ad srsn iwutta n urmmus n ‘wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit’. g udwal ann bḍan ngr twwuriwin n tingmi lli d iqqan uḥṭṭu mln atig nns, g ddaw n uzwl n (tifalkayin n wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit). g usggʷas n 2001 iffɣ d ulɣu n lyunisku amzwaru ibdrn talgamt izwarn n tingmi lli smnidn t tmizar i lyunisku. s ɣilad kra iga tt sin isggʷasn ar tt ili tlgamt yaḍn. d iqqan d a tg tingmi lli smnidn t tmizar kra n tussna iddrn niɣ tad ir a inɣubu, ittawskar fllas uɣawas zɣ dar tnbaḍin ann f uḥṭṭu nnsn t d usɣudu nnsn t. ɣ usggʷas n 2003 umẓnt tmura igan timslay g lyunisku yat tmqqunt n uḥṭṭu d usɣudu n wayda d tingmi tamiwant war tanga n tfganit, tamqqunt ad lli illan ddaw n twuri zɣ wayyur n bril g 2006. ttawfkan inmmaln i tmggit n tmqqunt ad zɣ dar tgrawt tamaḍlant tanbaḍt, ẓlin ngr snat tlgamin yat ɣ llan wayda ismydan d tayyaḍ g llan wayda f d iqqan uḥṭṭu d usɣudu f illa uɣawl. ig mayan taɣarast lli ikkan ngr unɣubu d tingmi[13].

Tiwlafin n usays n Jamɛ Lfna

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Isuyas yaḍnin

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Isuyas yaḍn lli illan ɣ Mṛṛakc: lmicwaṛ, lmṣlla, asays n imi n tadkkʷalt, d usays n caṛl du fuku, d usays n tlelli, asays n 16 nuwanbir, asays n fir blantiṛ, d usays n ssi ḥmad lkaml, asays n yusf iwis n tacfin, asays imṛabṭin, asays n bir anzaran.

Igadazn

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Agadaz n ṛṛḥbt taqdimt ɣ mṛṛakc

Mṛṛakc dars yan ugadaz azayku lli bahra imqqurn g lmɣrib (lmṛṛuk) tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tla tawlaft nns ifulkin bahra ɣar s ugadaz nns amqqran lli yutn s iẓuṛan nns g umzruy n tɣrmt. inna ‘bul sulifan’ f igadazn n Mṛṛakc mas gan yan udɣar lli d izwarn dar imzdaɣ d imallayn ad tẓrn :( aqṣṛi n tammnt lli igan iswak izdin ngr mmnzrin ngr asn, tasga yad lli igan kra iẓlin ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut n Mṛṛakc iga s ixf nns tiɣrmt mẓẓiyn, iman gis yan uṭṭun iggudin n lkyuṣkat d tḥuna n tsbbabt, mẓẓiyn t zdin t gr asn t krin t gnt zun d inziggn n ɛala ddin lli bahra yuman s tugt n tzuzaf ismriqqiyn iɣ nn disn tkcm t.)  

G umzruy kkan tt inn igadazn ad bḍan f wammasn iẓlin s uzznzi n tsbbabt istin zun d azznz n ilm, d uẓṭṭa, d izuɣar d idqqi. illa sul ukan ubṭṭu ngr wammasn ad macc s yat tɣarast tamaynut ur igin zun d talli s tt inn tkka, tkcm nn gis awd tsbbabt n tɣawsiwin timaynutin. kigan n igadazn n Mṛṛakc ar gisn inzza uẓṭṭa d tmlsa tmaslmt taqburt, d wacckaṛn n ilm, d usufa. ar ukan sul ttawan middn ɣ igadazn ad f watig n tɣawsiwin ad.

Tadaliwin n ugadaz n Mṛṛakc:
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Agdz n Ismmaṛn: ig ugadaz lli imɣarn g tɣrmt walli ilan assaɣ n (agdz n ismmaṛn), lliɣ a tnzza tawqqant, ṣṣnaḍl, d idukan ilan tizuzaf iṭṭfn ikʷlan icnan, d imsggiwrn n ilm, d tzuzaf n urɣ d uẓṛf, d tmlsa iẓlin s tffugliwin.

Agdz n Ubluḥ: llan g ugdz n ubluḥ kra n lkyuṣkat lli iẓlin s uẓmma n litcin, d ififl iḥṛṛan (tahrist), lkabaṛ, d igumma ittawsyyaṛn, azmmur adal d uzggʷaɣ d usggan, d liqamt, ig adɣar n watay ittmunan d iẓmmatn imɣribin.

Agdz n Kcaca: iẓli ugadaz ad s uzznz n igumma lli izwan, d lfakit, zund tiyni, d tazart, d waqqayn n tswik, d lluz, d lkaju, d lmcmac.

Agdz n Ṛṛḥbt azayku: lli iẓlin s tsbbabt n isknan ittẓḍan s ufus, d tujjutin, d ṭṭṛabc ittawskarn s ufus, d tmlsa yaḍn zun d liẓaṛat, d ljinsing, d ilm n igwana.

Ilin igadazn yaḍn zund agadaz n isyyaɣn iẓlin s tzuzaf, d ugdz n smata ittawssann tiram n uɣlal (lbabbuc) d uzznz n iɣuda. ili ugdz n icṛṛaṭn lli g llan imassn n ilm, d ugdz n blɛarf ar gis nzzan t tɣawsiwin ad timaynutin lli ttnawaln middn ɣilad. d ugdz n id bab n uzzal lliɣ llan imassn n uzzal d isufa n uzzal (lfnaṛ).

Ili ɣ gr igadazn ad ammas n tiniḍi lli f tbdd tnbaḍt, ili g wammas ad tiwuriwin n tẓuṛi timẓẓan d tiniḍi d tɣawsiwin n ilm zun d aẓṭṭa aqbur d tmẓẓilla n tmzgadiwin. ar gis ttlmadn awd imlmadn iḥudrin f ifassn n trubba n idbab n tiniḍi inmɣurn.

Igudar d imawn

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Igudar n mṛṛakc

Ttbnan igudar n Mṛṛakc, lli yumẓ astum n 19 id kilumitr issutln f Mṛṛakc, g tasut n tgldit n imṛabṭin g tasut tis snat d mraw bac ad gn tiɣrmt g uḥṭṭu n iɣwwaɣn d ittkkan bṛṛa n tɣrmt. ttbnan iɣʷrban s tallaɣt tazggʷaɣt talitcinit d wakal n ṭṭabaciṛ iɣusn, ɣan af tla tmdint assaɣ n ( tmdint tazggʷaɣt), tlkm tɣzi n ugadir ad 5,8 mitru iṭṭf 20 n tflut d 200 n talbrjt sutln t as.

G tasut n imuḥidn, iswuri lxlift iɛqub lmnṣuṛ allig idus uḥṭṭu f Mṛṛakc, ibnu lqṣbt lli igan tizi ann adɣar n unbḍ niɣ tiɣrmt n lmxzn, mayad illa akud ann g Mṛṛakc waha, ur illi g tmdinin n tagut tamslmt akkʷ. gan imuḥidn kigan imawn i lqṣbt ur sul gisn iɣama abla mnnaw, zɣ gisn ‘tiflut n ugnaw’ lli sul ibddn idus mnid n tssumɛit n tmzgida, nttan a igan iflu amuzr n lqṣbt n imuḥidn (lmuwaḥdin) lli iẓlin ngr iflwan akkʷ s tuskin lli imsasan ngr asnt, d ṛṛcm d tẓuṛi li dars illan. tiflwin n tadkkʷalt d tɣmat (zṛ iflu n tadkkʷalt d iflu n tɣmat).

Gan imawn n tadkkʷalt d tɣmat zɣ imawn imuzrn lli illan f iɣʷrban n tɣrmt taqburt n Mṛṛakc, illa imi n tadkkʷalt f tsga n tagut ar itt awi s tmzgida n imi n tadakkʷalt, ili imi n tɣmat g tsga taminigt n tɣrmt tazaykut lli innuṛẓmn f uɣaras lli itt awin s zzawit n ‘sidi bn ṣalḥ’.

Aylli iẓlin s imi n tadkkʷalt iga t lliɣ gis snat taccṛafin mqqurnin ikka grasn t yan usuk ar itt awi s ul n tɣrmt tazaykut, ikka d wassaɣ n imi n tadkkʷalt adɣar lli isdan i tɣrmt lliɣ tt inn tkka tizi ann zdaɣn gis imzdaɣ n tɣrmt. d tiflut n tɣmat tga yat tmawayt lli izrin g tsga taminigt n igudar n tɣrmt.

Imawn n tɣrmt

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  • Iflu n Ugnaw, yan ɣ iflwan lli bahra istawhmman n tmdint n Mrrakc
    Iflu n Ugnaw: ittawssan imi ad ɣ gr iflwan n tɣrmt, ibna t lxlift amuḥidi iɛqub lmnṣuṛ g tgara n tasut snat d mraw, iskr gis taggurt tamurzt i lqṣbt tamaynut. Agnaw iga assaɣ d yuckan zɣ tutlayt tamaziɣt, lli ilan anamk n wad ur ifrzn awal niɣ wad lli mi ur ittawssan ils nns d tutlayt nns, iɣama wassaɣ ann ar tt inin imaziɣn i yan d ikkan tafriqt tasggant, ili wassaɣ ad awd g ism n wanaw n uẓawan lli ittawssann s gnawa. sfalkin iflu ad s unuɣn d ṛṛcum n wadal. d tirra n lqṛan s tirra takufit, lli s tt inn kkan ar sis ttaran ula g landalus. smaynun iflu ad simẓiyn inzgrmitn nns g uzmz n ugllid muḥmmad iwis n ɛbdllah.[14]
  • Iflu n Salim
  • Iflu n Icariyn
  • Iflu n Lmxzn
  • Iflu n Lxmis: illa g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ taminigt n tɣrmt tazaykut, ila assaɣ nns zg wassaɣ n ugdz n lxmis lli t imlaln.
  • Iflu Amaynu
  • Iflu n Tdkkʷalt: iga yan ɣ iflwan lli bahra imqqurn macc ur iṭṭf kra n ṛṛcm niɣ kra n unuɣ, illa f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tagut n ugadir n tɣrmt, illa assaɣ nns zɣ tmnaḍt n tadkkʷalt lli s irur udm.
  • Iflu n Tɣmat: iga zɣ iflwan n iffus ilan atig dar tɣrmt, illa f iming n iṣmḍal n udayn d win imuslmn, imlalIflu ad i uṣmḍl n ɛli iwis n yusf.
  • Iflu n Nnqb
  • Iflu Rrḥa
  • Iflu n Lqṣbt
  • Iflu n Tbrrimt
  • Iflu n Tɣzut
  • Iflu n Iɣrazn
  • Iflu n Lftuḥ
  • Iflu n Amin u Muḥmmad Amnfuluṭi
  • Iflu n Iɣli
  • Iflu n Ṛbbi: nttan a igan ufuɣ n tɣrmt f tsga n iffus, illa imlal i iflu n ugnaw. ila yan umamk sis iẓlin lliɣ as ggrn kigan n ifassn tasutin f tasutin. ar issufuɣ s ubrid ittawin s tɣrmt n umẓmiẓ d usni llanin g udrar.
  • Iflu n Dbaɣ: illa f tsga n iming, amamk nns ikrrs iggut kigan uggar n iflwan yaḍn, illa ddaw as yan usuk ibṛṛm kigan. ili iflu n aylan f iffus imlal as.
  • Iflu n Lɛṛṣt

Urtan n tɣrmt

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Urtan n Tmnaṛt

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lmnaṛa g mṛṛakc

Amzruy n urtan n tmnaṛt n Mṛṛakc issfal zg tizi n imuḥidn, lli s tt inn ikkan tga abaraz n urumn n isardasn ɣ ucuccf n waman, sfalkin tt s waddagn n uzmmur llig tssfal tizi n tasut tis 12.

Llan urtan n tmnaṛt f tmyaggugt n ma ittggan 3 id kilumitr iffɣn i igudar n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc. iɣ tlla tnnuṛẓmt n imalass ar tddun kigan n imṛṛakciyn s urtan ann ad gisn mmarrin sunfun. ili ɣ tuẓẓumt n urtan ann yan umda n waman niɣ tanuḍfi n tmnaṛt mqquṛn lli iggʷzn s wallaɣ n sin id mitr ig ugaru nns 510 n id mitru. ar t id lkkmn waman zɣ targiwin d ikkan adrar n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu.[15]

Urtan n Majuṛil

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Urtan n majuṛil ɣ mṛṛakc

Llan urtan n majuṛil g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc ɣ giliz. ilin assaɣ n unaẓuṛ afṛanṣi n ikʷlan lli tn ibnan (jak majuṛil) lliɣ issfal ar tt ibnnu g usggʷas n 1924. asggʷas n 1937 iḍla unaẓuṛ afṛanṣi iɣʷrban n urtan s uklu n uzzgza ismriqqiyn ig mayad tanatamt i imzdaɣ n tɣrmt tazggʷaɣt, iṭṭf uswir ad ɣ ikʷlan g tutlayt n tfṛanṣist assaɣ n azzgza n majuṛil, bac ad sis rarn aẓuṛ s urtan ad. immut majuṛil anaẓuṛ n ikʷlan afṛanṣi ɣ yan ungas lliɣ yiwrri s fṛanṣa ɣ usggʷas n 1967.

G usggʷas n 1980 isɣa bab n umamk n tmlsa amaḍlan (if san luran) nttan d umara afṛanṣi ( byir birji) urtan n majuṛil ṛẓmn i yat tsga zɣ gis middn n tmallayt. ig udɣar ad ɣilad ansa ilan atig akswat ɣ gr wansiwn akkʷ n tɣrma illan g Mṛṛakc tamallayt, ili yan ibrgmmi issutl i urtan ann idwr iga ɣilad asalay n tẓuṛi tamslmt ilin g urtan ann kra n ijjign d kra n tuga iẓlin igan fɣnit lli d ikkan timizar n ddunit, s ma iẓlin akkʷ s wanawn n uknari.

Illa g ugnsu n turtit ad yan inigi ar tmmal tmsktayin nns, d yan uslay amaziɣ lli illan g yan udɣar azzgza iḍlan. tnnuṛẓm turtit ad asggʷas n 1947.[16]

Urtan n Ugdal

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Urtan n ugdal ɣ mṛṛakc

Llan f tsga n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc g lmɣrib. wanna tn d ikkan ar nn gisn ittafa timaḍ n waddagn n uzmmur d litcin d lmcmac d kigan n issʷkla ittarun aqqayn. urtan ad gan adɣar ɣ ittsunfu yan isyafa gisn s ufra d tzdugi, aggugn i tɣlaɣalt gn adɣar s irwwl yan zɣ tnakmut n tɣrmt d tznazzayt nns. llan g urtan ad timrawin n wanawn n waddagn ittarun aqqayn, urtan gan i tmallayt uman uggar n 500 hiktaṛ g tsna nnsn, a illi bahra isfalkin urtan ad uggar lliɣ ad sis ttackan tirubba n wanawn n igḍaḍ idrusn ɣ iggi n ddunit, imallayn n urtan ad ar smuqquln igḍaḍ ad as ssflidn i uẓawan nnsn. gan urtan ad dar umallay yat tawlaft n tẓuṛi ɣ tunf tzdugi i tɣrma n uẓṛu d uzzal, tawlaft ad ur ilin s urɣ atig.

Urti n Mulay Lḥasan

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Iga yan usnfar ikuluji illa f tsna n 17 n hiktaṛ, innuṛẓm iflwan nns ass n 8 may 2022 ilin gis kigan n tɣmriwin d wannarn d tmsal d tsiram, d yat turtit iẓlin s wanawn n tuga n uknari d waddagn n uzmmur d tayniwin d aṭṭaṣ n wanawn n ijjign, ili g urti ad yat tmsult tabanuṛamit iẓḍaṛ iẓṛi a isulf ismmaqql n urti akkʷ ar nn ttaggʷa f uzagʷz n Mṛṛakc lmnaṛa.

Urtan yaḍnin n Mṛṛakc

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Tlla turtit n lkutubiya ḍaṛat n tmzgida n lkutubiya. tuma s kigan n waddagn n litcin d tayniwin, ar gis ittimyur bllarj. d urtan n lmamun lli ikkan uggar n 100 n usggʷas, lli ilan assaɣ n ugndun mulay lmamun, gis asɣar n uzmmur d litcin, gis awd kigan n wanawn n ijjign d tuga.

Iɣrman

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Gan wayda d ifl umzruy i tɣrmt iɣrman d ṛyaḍat d ibrgʷmma imqqurn. iɣrman lli bahra ittawssann ilin addur zɣ gisn iɣrm n lbdiɛ, d tgmmi n lmxzn d iɣrm n lbahya. ṛṛyaḍ (iɣrman imɣrabin) lli bahra iggutn g lmṛṛuk. ẓlin isaragn ad s tlɣa n tska n lfilla taṛumanit, s turtit ittilin ɣ tuẓẓumt innuṛẓmn mmi ssutln iɣʷrban yattuyn. ar akkan iɣʷrban ad i imzdaɣ aḥṭṭu iggutn d uẓilal, ar tt addn i tskkʷflt n trɣi g ugnsu n ibrgmmi. zɣ ṛyaḍat lli ittawssann ɣ ugns n tɣrmt : ṛṛyaḍ n argana, d ṛṛyaḍ n ubri, d ṛṛyaḍ n iniga, d ṛṛyaḍ n umzwar, ṛṛyaḍ fṛanṣ ankun, tigmmi n musin, ṛṛyaḍ n luts, d ṛṛyaḍ n liksir, ṛṛyaḍ li buganfilyih, ṛṛyaḍ tigmmi n fnduk, tigmmi n tcrift (tagʷrramt), tigmmi n mrzutu, tigmmi n ḍḍmana, d ṛṛyaḍ banku balinu. ilin wiyyaḍ ittawssann ffuɣn adɣar n tɣrmt zun d iɣrm n car baɣ, amjana, filla n maha, tigmmi n aḥlam, tigmmi n lhnd, tigmmi n ṭida.

Iɣrm n Bahya

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Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Iɣrm n lbahya
tawlaft n unuɣn n tẓuṛi tamzruyt tamṛṛukit, iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk
Tawlaft n unuɣn n tẓuṛi tamzruyt tamṛṛukit, iɣrm n lbahya Mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk

Iga Iɣrm n Bahya (s tfṛansist: Palais de la Bahia) yan g tmatarin n umzruy n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tamṛṛukit. Iffɣ d uslgn agldan zɣ iɣrm n ugllid n tgldit l lmṛṛuk g 21 innayr 1924, ifrs ɣ tɣmist tamaddudt, mas iga zɣ iɣrman imzruyn, lli f illa f tnbaḍt ad t tḥṭṭu ɣ ddaw n uslig d iffɣn s ḍḍahiṛ amaɣud 4 yulyuz 1922, lli iẓlin s uḥṭṭu n wayda d tingmi n tgldit n lmṛṛuk[17].

Illa Iɣrm n Bahya ɣ tmdint n Mṛṛakc, lli d ifl umzruy g uzmz n tnbaḍt taɛalawit, ig iɣrm ad win umawas ḥmad iwis n musa iwis n ḥmad asmlali, g tasut n ugllid ɛbdlɛaziz. amawas ad lli igan anbdad n tnbaḍt akkʷ tizi ann, lli ittawssann s wassaɣ n Bba ḥmad.

Bba ḥmad iwi d inmɣar n iminḍn, d imgurn lli bahra d dar atig lli ittawssann g tmazirt n lmṛṛuk s twuri nnsn d tẓuṛi nnsn ilan atig aksawt, af ad swurin g tska n iɣrm, swurin g iɣrm ṣḍiṣ isggʷasn inmḍfaṛn, macc artum isngara t d iɣrm nns urta akkʷ t iẓṛi lliɣ t tiwi tmttant g usggʷas n 1900 urta akkʷ gis tnfalal twuri. Ig iɣrm ɣil ad zɣ tmatarin n umzruy lli bahra ittawssann g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc.

Aẓuṛ n yism

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Izdi wassaɣ n iɣrm n Bahya; s wassaɣ n tmɣart n Bba ḥmad lli ittawssann s Lalla lbahya taṛḥmanit, ig iɣrm tarzzift n tayri n Bba ḥmad i tmɣart nns Lbahya ig tamatart iddrn i tayri nns d tskkʷflt tamajgalt lli ɣ dars tlla tmɣart nns, imun ɣ iɣrm ad isyafatn n tayri d tẓuṛi d unuɣn iẓɣuṛan.

Tizuna d tdaliwin

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Ibḍa iɣrm f kigan n tuzunin d tmṣṛay d tdaliwin d tmdayin d urtan, d urzaf lli ɣ tlla yat turtit mmi tlla ɣ tuẓẓumt nns yat tfḍna lli ittussann s wassaɣ n Agʷdal n Bba ḥmad. Lliɣ immut Bba ḥmad ggʷzn g iɣrm ad kigan n inmɣuṛn zdɣn gis g usggʷas n 1906, ig yan gisn, Lmadani aglawwu gʷmas n lbaca n Mṛṛakc, thami aglawwu, ibna gis tduli tis snat, awar nns iggʷz gis Lmqrri ar asggʷas n 1912. Awar n usggʷas a, ila iɣrm yan umsasa amaynu ig iɣrm n umzdaɣ amatay afṛanṣi Lyuṭi, gn gis tiswuwwa d tmzizwa n waḍu, tg tsna nns akkʷ 22 ifḍ n mitru amkkuẓ, macc tasna nns tidras lliɣ yad gis bnan kigan n wammasn g turtit tamqrant, lli bḍan zɣ iɣrm, idwr awd imi nns aẓɣuṛan lli yadda illan g usuk n ṛṛyaḍ zzitun amaynu, immatti s yat timit imlaln i usuk n ssalam (Lmllaḥ), tagara n usuk n (ɛṛṣt lmɛac).

Ṛṛyaḍ amẓyan

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Zɣ tzuna lli innuṛẓmn i wid ranin ad ẓṛn iɣrm d imallayn, tga tt tazunt ɣ illa ṛṛyaḍ mẓẓiyn, ig uzun ad yat zɣ tzuna lli bahra ifulkin iẓlin g ugnsu n iɣrm, iẓli s taska nns irwasn tin tinmal tizaykutin, issqfan nns idln s ikccuḍ imsasan ilan ikʷlan ismriqqiyn[18].

Ig ṛṛyaḍ ad imẓẓiyn tadala n Bba ḥmad lli ɣ a isnubga inmɣuṛn n tnbaḍt, zɣ tdala ad a zɣ a sfrikn iskkinn n tmurt.

Izdɣ gis umzdaɣ amatay afṛanṣi ‘lyuṭi’ ig t d tgmmi nns d umaris nns lli mi iṛcm asarag nns s rrxam d zllij, ilin t gis kkuẓ t tfḍniwin, ku tafḍna tili g tuẓẓumt nns tadala n waman, mmuṛẓmn t fllas tmṣṛay bahra iẓiln lli idln s kigan n usɣar iṛcmn sis igan fɣnit, d tili yat tsayst mẓẓiyn lliɣ tlla yat tala n rrxam, tg zɣ idɣarn lli iẓlin s Bba ḥmad asarag n usays ad iṛcm s rrxam d zllij imsasan ngr asn, issutl i tala ad kkuẓ imṣṛay imqquṛn f illa ɣ imawn nnsn taskiwin lliɣ skrn isardasn ifṛanṣin imiras nnsn. d tili yat tasayst illan f iming niɣ lli mi tt inin tasayst n rrxam mqquṛn, lli igan yan usays mqquṛn yugrn asarag n iɣrm, ssutln as issqfan lli ibdd f 52 n tsirit n ukccuḍ, ig wakal nns rrxam, ilin t gis kṛaḍt n tala, yat gisn tlla ɣ yat tfḍna mẓẓiyn, adɣar ikka tt inn iga win tffugliwin d isfras n tẓuṛi, mmuṛẓmnt fllas kigan n tdaliwin ilan timawayin iṭṭfn isksal n uzzal. tg tdala illan f ugafay, tadala lli bahra imqquṛn g iɣrm, iɣʷrban nns lsan zllij s uzgn, timawayin nns nnuṛẓmn t f turtit tandalusit lliɣ bdda tlla tzzgzut, ilin t f iggi n tmawayin nns tisutam n lgabṣ g llan t tnutulin n tafukt, d tduli g llan isutar iṛcmn s unuɣn igan anaw n ṭṭalyan, tg tdala ad tuska lli igan tamaynut g iɣrm, iklli ittyuran f yat tifilt illan f iggi n yan uɣʷrab iwalan i usggʷas n 1899.

Zɣ tasayst taminigt, ar nn tkccmt f ṛṛyaḍ mqquṛn zɣ yan uɣʷdmmi iṛcmn s unuɣn imṛṛukin, ṛṛyaḍ ad lli ittusnfln kigan n tikkal g uzmz n ‘bba ḥmad’, ɣ tdala tamqqrant taminigt llan kra n izlan n umdyaz iṛcmn f lgabṣ ar tsawal f umzruy lli izrin f tska n iɣrm.

D ula tadala n illan f iffus n iɣrm dwrn t gis kigan n tmatarin lli tmmal talɣa n tduliwin d unuɣn d ṛṛcum, ili f tsga n tdala ad adɣar g tlla tmɣart n ‘ bba ḥmad’, ig udɣar ad yan uqṣṛi idln s ukccuḍ ilin t gis snat tmṣṛay d sin isaragn.

Ig iɣrm ‘lbahya’ yat tmuzunt ifulkin d iɣaman ɣ umzruy amṛṛuki lli nn bahra ur nn yaggugn, iẓli s iflwan nns izaykutn iṛcmn, d tmawayin nns d isskʷla nns d wadal gis imɣin lli ittawssann s ‘asmɣi’.

Adɣar n tmallayt

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Tasnawayt n Iɣrm Bahya mas iga yat tmatart n umzruy amṛṛuki g usggʷas n 1922 lli f ad ttackan imallayn zɣ ugʷns n tmurt tamṛṛukit awd imallayn n umaḍal, af ad ẓṛn taẓuṛi taqburt tamzruyt yutn s iẓuṛan ɣ tussna d umzruy amṛṛuki, d aylli akkʷ gis iẓlin g iɣrm ad ɣ tẓuṛi tga tt unuɣn lli s ṛcmn ikccuḍn n tduli.

Amnzag issfaln taska n iɣrm
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illa f tska n iɣrm ad amnzag ‘muḥmmad iwis n lmkki amssiwi’, lli ilmdn taẓuṛi n ṛṛcm ɣ ukccuḍ g tɣrmt n mknas, ilmd gis awd taẓuṛi n unuɣn n lgabṣ g tɣrmt n fas, tizi n usardas anbdad afṛanṣi (arkman) lli igan aslway n ukabaṛ afṛanṣi urta illi ufrag, macc walli issfaln taska tamzwarut n ‘iɣrm n lbahya’ iga t ufus n lḥajb agldan ‘musa iwis n ḥmad lbuxari’, nttan ad isbddn iɣʷrban n ṛṛyaḍ amqran d tsayst tagafayt n iɣrm is izwar, a illiɣ tbdd twuri g tsga ad n iɣrm asggʷas n 1886, awar n tmttant nns, issfal iwis lli ilan assaɣ n Bba ḥmad ad ismd taska n iɣrm, ismun tizi ann ɣ umzwaru uggar n 60 n tgmmi af ad gnt iɣrm amqran[19].

ig ɣilad ‘iɣrm n lbahya’, yat tmuzunt tafalkayt ɣ tẓuṛi d umzruy amṛṛuki g tagara n tasut n tẓa d mraw.

Tiwlafin

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Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ

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Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ
Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ

Iga iɣrm n lbdiɛ zɣ wayda lli d ifl ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣur adhbi asggʷas n 1578, imsasa wakud ann d uzmz lliɣ inra lmɣrib isardasn ibrtqqizin ɣ tmnɣit n wasif n lmxazn niɣ imnɣi n kṛaḍ igldan. ittbna iɣrm ad bac ad sis ili ugllid addur iggutn dar inbgiyn nns,iklli bdrn warratn n umzruy mas d yiwi ugllid imnzag d inmɣurn n tmiḍi imɣribin d ibṛṛaniyn, illa zɣ wida yuran amzruy aqbur ma igan iɣrm ad zɣ irgamn n ddunit.

igudar n Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ

Tkka tska n iɣrm ad uggar n 50 n usggʷas, ittbna s idrimn lli fran inmɣurn ibrtqqizin lliɣ ttyamaẓn, d idrimn n tmsaɣt n uɣanim n tamimt (skkaṛ), d idrimn n ibrdan n tsbbabt g tnzruft lli ikkusa ugllid ad ɣ uzmz nns, isɣad tizi ann rrxam n kirara zɣ ṭṭalyan k kra n tɣawsiwin yaḍn d ikkan fṛanṣa d sbanya d lhnd. llan sin wammasn imqqurn lli ibḍa yan uɣdmmi iɣzzifn ittawin s yan usarag bahra yuman, amamk nns iga anaw n umamk n uẓkka andalusi amṛṛuki azayku, zund mayan illa g usarag n izmawn imẓyann g iɣrm azggʷaɣ. lliɣ tnɣuba tnbaḍt n isɛdin g tasut n kkuẓt d mraw, ur illi uḥṭṭu f iɣrm ann, ttyakarnt zɣ gis kigan n tɣawsiwn ilan atig s wanaḍ n ugllid aɛalawi mulay smaɛil zund rrxam lli gis illan ilan atig. ixʷrban n iɣrm ass ad ɣaman gan tamatart n umzruy ar tid tkkan imallayn, ar gis sffuglan anmuggar n tẓuṛi tanamurt kra iga tt imir n tfsut.

Illa iɣrm n lbdiɛ f tsga taẓlmaḍt taminigt n lqṣbt, iẓli umamk n tmatart ad taɣrmant s usmbḍi n igʷmma d wammasn f usarag unziɣ. ili ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag ad yat tnuḍfi tamqqrant ilan ɣ tɣzi 90 id mitr g turrut nns 20 id mitr d kkuẓt tnuḍfay yaḍn yunfn f tsga kkan t kkuẓt turtatin grasn t. aylli bahra s iẓli iɣrm n lbdiɛ iga t tugtt n unuɣn d kigan n tmttayin lli s ittbna zund ṛṛxam d ttijan d isaratn idln s tnfulin n urɣ d zllij s kra iga tt aklu d ukccuḍ iṛcmn s iɣʷman d lgabṣ. macc tamatart ad taɣrmant iggr as ufus txxurba asggʷas n 1696 lliɣ zɣ gis yusi mulay smaɛil a illi gis ifulkin n unuɣn bac ad sis isfalki amnru nns amaynu n tnbaḍt nns tamdint n mknas.

Taqubbit tamṛabṭit

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Taqubbit tamṛabṭit

Tga inigi lli sul isuln g Mṛṛakc lli isulfn taẓuṛi n tẓkka tamṛabṭit. tlla tqubbanit tamṛabṭit g tsga tafasit n usarag n iwis n yusf ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut. ufanin imrzutn lli icnubbcn ɣ ugns n tɣrmt n zɣ usggʷas n 1948 kra n tsurin iẓlin s tɣrma n imṛabṭin g Mṛṛakc ar mmaln t mas tt inn ikka g udɣar ann cnubbcn ammas n tmzgida iḍfaṛn i tmzgida n ɛli iwis n yusf lli xʷlan imuwaḥḥidin(imuḥidn) tizi lliɣ kkusan tiɣrmt asggʷas n 1130. ig inigi f tannayt ad yat tuṛcimt ur bahra tli tifras lli illan f ixf n tqubbit, imrzutn nnan mas iga wassaɣ gis iṛcmn assaɣ n ugllid ɛli iwis n yusf.

Tẓli tqubbanit s umamk lli tla, fkan as willi s tt ibnan yat tlɣa tunziɣt, tudmawin n bṛṛa n tqubbit lan ṛṛcum igan tiskt d talɣiwin irwasn titrit ilan sa ixfawn, ifalki ugnsu n tqubbit f tsga n iwalan iẓẓlmḍ d iffus nns snat tskin msasanin immrwasn g talɣa tisilt n wayyis, g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming falkin s snat tskin ibbin.

Taqʷbbanit tamṛabṭit tga ɣilad yan udɣar n luḍu lli ibḍan f snat tdaliwin ttyafa asggʷas n 1948 ɣ yat tsga idrn zɣ udɣar g tlla tmzgida. tga amamk bahra ilan aswir nns, tg tamatart n umzruy n uẓkka n lmɣrib.[20]

Iɣrm n Lmxzn (Tigmmi n Lmxzn)

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Illa iɣrm n lmxzn g Mṛṛakc, lli ittawssann s tgmmi n lmxzn, g tsga tafasit n tɣrmt, yumẓ adɣar ggutn zɣ tsga taminigt n usuk n lqṣbt n ɣilad. imuḥidn bnan amun n iɣrman g udɣar ad amzwaru g tasut n sin d mraw, ig mayan agzzum zɣ lqṣbt nnsn tamaynut, macc ullsn i tska nns kullut g tasut n isɛdin tasut nsḍis d mraw g ḍaṛat nsn snfln gis iɛalawin kra tasut n sa d mraw. talɣa ad lli ila ɣilad ifl as t id ugllid muḥmmad iwis n ɛbdllah tasut n ttam d mraw. ass ad illa iɣrm aɛalawi iṭṭf kigan n turtatin d isaragn imqqurn mmi ssutlnt tmṣṛay. imi nns amqqran n iɣrm illa ass ad f iffus, ar tid ilkkm yan iɣ izri ɣ kigan n iswak d imawn. isnuml yan unrzuf tamṣṛit n tnnubga mas tt inn tkka tuma s kigan n isuma d wattagn igan anaw n (grand concourse – repro victorian) lli f imnuḍant tdumkal n urɣ d tumlilin. s ɣilad iga ukan sul iɣrm ad iɣrm n ugllid n lmɣrib ur innuṛẓm i ku yan.

Iɣrman yaḍnin

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Iḥḍa umzruy i Mṛṛakc kigan n iɣrman yaḍnin, lli bnan inmɣurn d id bab n udrim, d ayt tsrtit g tasut tis tẓa d mraw ar amzwaru n tasut simraw. kigan zɣ gisn idwr iga asalay ass ad. zund tigmmi n lmnbhi (ɣilad asalay n Mṛṛakc) d tgmmi n ssi sɛid d tgmmi n lbaca, tili tgmmi n mulay ɛli, awd tigmmi n tqunṣulit tafṛanṣist.

Tigʷmma tinamurin tizaukutin d ṛṛyaḍ

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tigmmi n tccrift

Tigʷmma tinamurin tizaukutin

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Tigʷmma timɣribin ar tnt bahra sfalkayn id bab nnsnt zɣ ugns, bac ad tẓli s tawja tg aḥṭṭu zɣ izmaz n unzwi. ɣ ugns n tgmmi ar tt ili turtit ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag, d ur bahra tt ili tgmmi tamawayin d asṛẓm s bṛṛa n tgmmi, ar bnnun middn iɣʷrban s lyajuṛ n wakal inɣdn ikkʷmn. amamk ad n tska imsasa d tmyurin n middn d tussna nnsn lli yusin kigan zɣ usgd n tmuslmt, lli ifkan atig iggutn bac ad yili uẓilal ngr idɣarn ɣ tgmmi lli igan win tawja d udɣar lli igan win tnnubga. ar sfalkayn middn tgʷmma nnsn s uniɣn n zllij d lgabṣ, d tirra n tɛṛabt. kigan n tgʷmma timɣribin falkint s ununɣn ann sul s ɣilad. ig wanaw ad n tska ayda d ifl umzruy i imzdaɣ. zɣ uzmz n isɛdin ad llant tmatarin timzwura ɣ umzruy n wanaw ad n tska. zun d ( tigmmi n tcrift tagʷrramt lli s tt inn ikkan ttawssan s tgmmi ijimi, d tgmmi n lmsɛudin, d tgmmi n lmuṣliḥin lli ittawssann s iɣrman n ugafay). iṭṭf awd usalay n lmuwasin f ‘’taddwarit’’ lli d ifl uzmz n isɛdin, niɣ tamṣṛit n inbgiwn lli as tt inin.

agnsu n ṛṛyaḍ g mṛṛakc

Ṛṛyaḍ

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Tawalt n ṛṛyaḍ tga assaɣ n yan wanaw n urtan ittilin g ugnsu n taddrwin, tid igan timkkuẓin ɣ tasgiwin nns, ar ittili tala n waman ɣ mnid nns. turtatin ad n ugnsu n tgʷmma d iɣrman iga yan wanaw illan g umaḍal amslm, acku aman d wadal tzdi tawlaft nnsn d lfirdaws (ljnt) g lislam. anaw ad n turtatin illa iga azayku, amdya amzwaru lli ittawssann illa g turtit ɣ lmɣrib g yan iɣrm n amṛabṭi lli ibna ɛli bn yusf g Mṛṛakc g tasut tis snat d mraw. zɣ akud ann a illa umamk ann g Mṛṛakc akkʷ, isman umamk ad n ṛṛyaḍ ngr tasna yuman d wadal d tuga lli yakkan azuzwu, ɣan af immatti umamk ad s iɣrman n inmɣar lli ittbnan ɣ tmdint n Mṛṛakc, immatti awd s tasgiwin nns. ig waddag n litcin niɣ win llimun addag lli ittilin g turtatin ad n ṛṛyaḍ.

g tagara ad izdi wassaɣ n ṛṛyaḍ d tgʷmma n lmɣrib akkʷ, illa mad akkʷ iskrn ɣ tgmmi nns asnsu niɣ asalay ɣ uzmz ad ɣ tga Mṛṛakc tamdint n tmallayt tamaḍlant.

Timzgadiwin d tigʷmma n usgd

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Timzgadiwin

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Uṭṭun n timzgadiwin ɣ Mṛṛakc iga uggar n 244 n tmzgida zɣ gisnt :

Timzgida n Kutubiya

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Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Timzgida n Kutubiya
Tawlaft n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g iḍ.
Amzruy
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Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya (s tutlayt n tɛṛabt: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) zɣ tmatarin n tɣrma n lmṛṛuk lli izrin g umzruy amuslm, tili tmzgida ad g ul n tmdint n Mṛṛakc tɣama nttat sul tga tinigit f waddur amajgal lli g tlla tɣrma n lmṛṛuk tizi ann ngr tɣrma n tmizar n umaḍal. tɣama sul nttat tddr mqqar kulu afuḍn t tnbaḍin d tgldan lli s tt idd yufan, ig wakal ann f tlla tmzgida tamnaḍt igan tagʷrramt, tṭṭf atig akswat gr wayda n umzruy n tmurt n lmṛṛuk (tamɣribit).[21]

Timzgida n lkutubiya tamṛṛakcit, tga zɣ yat tmatart ngr tmatarin iggutn lli d ifl umzruy i tmurt nnɣ tamɣribit (amzruy amuslm), tlla tmzgida lkutubiya g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tmlal i usays amqqran lli ilan assaɣ n (asays n jamɛ lfna).

Tṭṭf tmzgida kigan amzruy bahra yutn s iẓuṛan g tasutin izrin n umzruy f lmṛṛuk, kigan n tɣrmawin fllas izrin iɣama iga inigi f umzruy ann azayku. tmzgida lkutubiya ibna tt (lxlift ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi) g usggʷas n 1147, f ixʷrban lli d iɣaman n iɣrm n uẓṛu amṛabṭi, lli mi nn ufan imrzutn arkyulujiyin tifras nns d tmatarin n iɣʷrban nns.

Macc timzgida tis snat bnan tt g usggʷas n 1158, tizi lli bnan tassumɛit n ḥssan g ṛṛbaṭ d lxiralda tacblit g landalus, ig mayan yat tzdayt taɣrmant n tẓuṛi ngr lmṛṛuk d landalus g tasut ann, trwas tmzgida ad tis snat g uksay nns timzgida lli izwarn, tmsasa tmzgida ad s tdala nns tunziɣt ɣ talɣa nns, tsman 17 n usqqif lli iswalan inzgrmitn nns i tsga lqblt, issqfan ad usintn tsaratin f llant uskuwn imsasan ngr asn d isnan iẓlin iɣ tn nẓṛa ar aɣ d sktayn s tmzgida n lqarawiyin illan g tɣrmt n fas. idl usqqif s smmus t lqbbat lli igan tamatart n uẓkka tasgdant n imuḥidn (lmuwaḥidin), taɣrma ad lli ddar kigan n iḍiṣ f tsga n tagut tamslmt.[2]

Inna bab n udlis ittyuran s tutlayt taɛṛabt (الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية): ‘’ ibna ɛbd lmumn g tgmmi n uẓṛu yat tmzgida yaḍnin, tg tmzgida ɣ tlla tẓallit n ljamɛ, issfal ar ibnnu timzgida tamqrant tanamunt, ixlu timzgida taqburt lli illan g izddar n tɣrmt lli ibna (ɛli iwis n yusf).[22]

Asnuml

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Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya, yat tmzgida lli ilan addur g tgldit n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. tṭṭf yan umnid amqran igan fɣnit ɣ umzruy amṛṛuki, tuma tasna 5300 n mitru amkkuẓ, ili gis 17 n usqqif d 11 lqubbt iṛcmn s unuɣn, gis aɣ ffaɣn iɣtasn n tnbaḍt tamajgalt zrin kigan kigan n imsarn imzruyn. timzgida d tassumɛit nns ṛcmn s unuɣn d tkla zɣ tsgiwin nns tanafllatin s lqrmud n idqqi iḍlan s uklu wadal ismriqqiyn lli igan azmz ann tamatart n tska n tnbaḍt g tɣrmt. d lmnbṛ n tmzgida amaddur lli ittmussun s tɣarast n wammak lli ismnidn taẓuṛi tamṛṛukit n ukccuḍ. lmnbṛ ad iga tamguri n quṛtuba g umzwaru n tasut 12 s wanaḍ n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli iwis n yusf iwis n tacfin lli ikmml taska n tmzgida g Mṛṛakc tizi ann. smattin lmnbṛ s lkutubiya tanila n usggʷas n 1150.[23]

tassumɛit n lkutubiya

Tassumɛit

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Tlla tssumɛit s wanaḍ n lxlift amuḥid ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi (1130-1163) ikml tt iwis lmnṣuṛ (1199-1184). tlla tssumɛit ad g tsga tafusit - tamnagt n tmzgida tg tska nns talɣa n umkkuẓ f illa usafu isnan s taqubbit taɣʷmmart. iswirn n tssumɛit lan tamawayin(taccrafin). agnsu n tssumɛit gis sḍis t tmṣṛay(tzuniwin) immrwasn yat f iggi n yat, mmi issutln isskkʷfal imuɣad idln s uzgn n tqubbatin fllas ibṛṛmn, kra n tqubbatin ann zdint d tiwẓa nns illa ixf imsadn.

Ttbna tmatart ad tamzruyt s tmlalt n iẓṛan iɣusn lli d iwin zɣ udrar n ugliz g Mṛṛakc. d bac ad ssifsasn taẓayt f tssumɛit, gan as talyajurin timẓyanin g tsgiwin nns tanafllatin. imun g uska ad uẓṛu d ujuṛ, iḍlan s izwar s tgbbaṣt. ṛcmn aɣʷrab nns s ikṛṛajn bac ad ntln s mayan tazdayin n iẓṛan d lyajuṛ d illi ittubbayn iẓṛan(s ɣilad llant ukan sul tmatarin n mayan g uɣʷrab gant inagan).

Gan unuɣn n tssumɛit smmus wanawn ganin iswirn. llan g kul tasgiwin n tssumɛit gn fllas iɣuda g llan iknunnayn inmalan imḥadan mmi ggutn igʷzman. g ugʷnsu n iɣuda ad yuma s unuɣn d ṛṛcum ilan ikʷlan izggʷaɣn gn ṛṛcum ad asmdya n imɣi, d ṛṛcum imnzagn d tirra(ṛṛcum ann rwasn talɣiwin n ifrawn n wayniwn d ijjign, d tirra takufit).

Ṛṛcum igguran lli illan f uflla n tssumɛit d usafu nns, gan imnzag immrwin ngr imkkuẓn n idqqi umliln d wadaln ihwan s uzzgza, ig mayan mad bahra iẓiln g tmatart ad tamzruyt.[24]

Ṛṛcum n tssumɛit ftan rwasn i wanawn n ṛṛcum llanin g tssumɛit n lxiralda tacblit niɣ tassumɛit n ḥssan g tɣrmt n ṛṛbaṭ, irwas ẓlin anaw ann zɣ tssumɛit n Mṛṛakc gn tt i tssumɛit ɛbd ṛṛḥman wis kṛaḍ g tmzgida n quṛtuba tamqrant, anɣmis ad frkn as imrzutn n umzruy ngr isggʷasn ad (1571-1562) lliɣ nn ufan snat tuddisin f iggi n tflut tgʷrramt katalina.[25]

Aẓuṛ n wassaɣ

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Assaɣ ad lli gan f tmzgida ad ikkad uẓuṛ nns tutlayt n tɛṛabt (الكتبيين) lli izdin s unamk s idlisn niɣ wid znuzanin idlisn. ar immal wassaɣ ann mas yadda tlla tizi ann tsbbabt n idlisn lli d dar addur ɣ tama n ugadaz imlaln i tmzgida, iklli d iwn inɣmisn n umzruy mas yadda llan ɣ ugadaz ann 100 n usbbab lli illuzzan g iswak ann yaẓn i tmzgida.

Kkusan imuḥidn tamdint n Mṛṛakc lliɣ yad immut ugllid n imṛabṭin ɛli iwis n yusf g usggʷas 1147. ur rin imuḥidn(lmuwaḥidin) ad fln timitar tisgdanin lli bnan imṛabṭin, lli yadda igan afna nnsn, acku tizi ann gantn d wid iffɣn asgd isnfln asgd(ihrtiqn). ɛbd lmuɛin lli irnan tamnaḍt ann, nttan a ibnan timzgida n lkutbiyin tamzwarut f iggi wakal n iɣrm n ɛli iwis n yusf lli immutn g tsga n iffus - tagut n tɣrmt. snfln imuḥidn kigan Ɣ tmzgida ann ar tagara n tasut tis 12, lliɣ rnan indalusin imuḥidn, tga tmukrist n lqblt ɣ tmzgida kra irxan, imẓẓulla tizi ann ar swalan tiẓilla nnsn s iwala n usarag n tmzgida, macc lliɣ ttbna tmzgida tamaynut ɣ tama n tmzwarut. tkmml tska n tmzwarut tili sul twwuri ɣ tis snat, gnt tmzgadiwin yat abla tasga n lqblt, d ṛṛcum nns d iɣuda nns, d imassn d tmtta s ttbnan gant yat, iɣama umamk d usafu iga walli , lqqblt g tmzgida tamzwarut tfrɣ s smmust tskkʷfal f tsga n lqblt, macc g tmzgida tis snat tfrɣ uggar n 10 tskkʷfal.

Ttbnant tmzgadiwin ann g tasut n ɛbd lmuɛin lli inbḍn (1130-1163). tkmml gis twwuri ɣ cutanbir 1158, ẓẓulln gis middn taẓallit izwarn tizi ann.

Llan iwaliwn g warratn n umzruy ar tt inin mas tkmml twwuri g tmzgida ngr asggʷas 1162-1190-1199. g tagara fln middn timzgida tamzwarut ur a sul gis tẓallan. waxxa ur illi ubṭṭu ngr tmzgida tamzwarut d tmggarut, gn yat tmzgida uggar n ma ittggan 30 n usggʷas. a illiɣ akkʷ fln middn timzgida izwarn.

Tga tmzgida d tssumɛit n lkutubiya ayda igan izaykutn bahra d iddan zɣ tasut tamṛabṭit ar tamuwaḥḥidit.

Aẓkka n tmzgida

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Afruri f uẓkka n tmzgida tamzwarut d tamaynut msasan s kigan, abla tasga twala lqblt gisn. aylli s tẓli tmzgida tamzwarut illa ula ɣ tmzgida tamaynut, mqqar tga tmzgida tamzwarut ɣilad ɣar ixʷrban igan imatarn imzruyn. tẓli tmzgida s yan umamk amuwaḥḥidi ifulkin, zɣ gis rwasn tt kigan n tmzgadiwin lli illan g tizi ann akud ann.

Zɣ bṛṛa
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Taska, lli ittbana s idqqi d uẓṛu n tmlalt , tga turrut nns 80 mitru f tsga n iming, d 60 mitru f tsga n tagut lli izgrarn zɣ iẓẓlmḍ ar iffus, ttyafa kra n twuri tga tin idqqi d ɣ gr isqqfan d tzuniwin ɣ tuẓẓumt n uɣʷrab n lqblt d lmnbṛ. smrsn ɣ tska n iɣʷrban n bṛṛa lli ittbnan f tsga n iffus d iming d win tagut aẓṛu n tmlalt. iḍṛ usmktan n uẓṛu lli illan f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tmzgida f uɣʷrab n iɣrm n imṛabṭin taqburt(iɣrm n uẓṛu). aggatn n tmzgida ṛcmn s umamkn unziln. igʷzman n tamawayin lant kigan n tskiwin ilan anawn n iɣʷmran zun d tisilt n wayyis, mssant tskiwin ann g ugnsu n unziɣ. talɣa tamasit g uflla lliɣ mmnzrin isqqfan imsasan ngr asn.

Aqrmud afiruzi f iɣʷrban isksfn s iɣuda n idqqi, s ulɣan n unuɣn immrwasn. ilin awd f uɣʷrab ṛṛcum ikufin unziln.

Yuma usarag n tmzgida g turrut 45 n mitru, zund turrut n isaragn n tuẓẓumt tis tẓa. tili yat tala n luḍu ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag. tla tmzgida kkuẓ imawn, kṛaḍ zɣ gisn ar tt awin s tzuni n tẓallit nican, tis kkuẓt ar tt awi s usarag n tmzgida. illa yan imi yaḍn amrniw amatay ar itt awi s usarag n tmzgida zɣ uɣʷrab illan f iẓẓlmḍ, f tɣzi n uzlu anammas. ingabal uɣʷrab illa f mnid n tmzgida d tḥuna n uznuzi n idlisn, zɣ ɣid iklli s nbd gam lli, ad zɣ d yucka wassaɣ n tmzgida ‘lkutubiya’. illa dar tmzgida sin iflwan iẓlin, yan gisn iga win lfqih, illa f tsga taẓlmaḍt n lmnbṛ, yan iẓli s ugllid akud nna ira ad nn ikcm lmqsurt.[26]

tigmmi n tẓallit (tiqubba d isqfan)
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Timzgida lkutubiya ɣilad tmqqur tsna nns tg tlɣa nns tunziɣt, tasga nns taẓlmaḍt tamdrawt d uɣʷrab n lqblt n tmzgida lkutubiya tamzwarut tunf s tsga n iẓẓlmḍ tamnnagt, d umamk n tmzgida iga amrniw amẓlan imsasan d umamk usmann tazi d tinml. f tsgiwin n iɣʷrban iɣʷman n n lmḥrab ar nn tt afa uṭṭunn n iɣʷrban iɣʷman s tugtt n mayllan g iɣʷrban n tmzgadiwin s snat, g uflla n lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin ittbnan s uẓṛu: yat ɣ mnid n lmḥrab, d snat llant f (istwan الاسطوان ) wis kkuẓ nn iwalan f ufasi n (istwan.. n lmḥrab d uẓlmaḍ nns, d snat tqubbatin llan t f sin (istwan اسطوان ) lli imḥadan tagara udl n lmḥrab g s iming awd tagut, bḍan iɣʷrban n tmzgida f tẓa sdan i tsaratin iḍnin lli immrksn fknt udm n tgmmi n tẓallit.

Uṭṭunn tzuna n tgmmi n tẓallit gant sa d mraw tzuniwin, gisn sḍiṣ dln s tduli ila aqrmud, g tagara n tzuniwin tggura s kra n igllayn gan zun d tasila n wayyis g tlɣa nnsn, d kra ɣ igllayn ann msadn, dbbn f isaratn idusn. macc dduktuṛ ḥusayn munis irar taɣḍft s igllayn n tgmmi n tẓallit mas gan s izwar tẓa isnyann f uɣʷrab n lmḥrab - yat tawlaft bahra icnan illa addur s wafulki nns… lli igan zɣ inumaẓ n uẓkka lli ḍfaṛn t kigan n tmzgadiwin - inumaẓ ad baynn bahra g tmzgida n lkutubiya g Mṛṛakc - iɣzzif uzun n tuẓẓumt f tuzunin ann yaḍn. d ula tadala lli illan mnid n uɣʷrab n lqubbt.

Lliɣ yad illa f iggi lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin, tigmmi n tẓallit awd nttat f iggi n tzuni n lmḥrab llan t fllas sḍiṣ t tqubbatin timẓyanin ttbnan t s lyajuṛ, ig uṭṭun nnsn t akkʷ 11 n tqubbanit g tmzgida, tiqubba ad ṛcmn t g ugʷns nnsn t s unuɣn d ikʷlan s kra iga tt anaw… acku g tɣrma tamṛṛukit tga yat tmatart taxatart g tmzgida n lkutubiya tafalkayt.

Lmnbṛ
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Lmnbṛ n tmzgida ifulki bahra, ittawskar g tasut n ɛbd lmumn, illa ukan sul f ufulki nns ar ɣilad iḥḍa ukan sul kigan n tẓuṛi nns d ufulki nns, waxxa kra ɣ tsgiwin nns rcan t s uswaɣ n izmaz ggutn fllas izrin. isnuml t umrzu tiras inna fllas mas iga lmnbṛ lli kullu ifulkin g tɣrma tamslmt akkʷ. ittawskar lmnbṛ ad zɣ ukccuḍ n tasaft azggʷaɣ d uwraɣ, ikk tt inn ila tiflan n urɣ d uẓṛf. ikka d lmnbṛ ad tamurt n landalus.

Asarag n tmzgida
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
lmnzh bahra yuman illan f tsga n lkutubiya

G ḍaṛat n tgmmi n tẓallit, illa usarag n tmzgida, iṭṭfn iɣʷdmma d tzuniwin ssutln as zɣ kṛaḍ t tsggiwin, gnt tsaratin ann gis illan mas gant tid iẓlin lli bddn t tsgiwin n iɣʷrban n usarag akkʷ gnt txfwain nns tisnnanin g uflla ilan tiwẓa yuɣdn f tsga n udm lli nn ittaggʷan f usarag. talɣa ad lli nbdr ad illan dar isaragn niɣ iqṣray lli illan g tmzgida n tinml d tin tacblit.

Ifṛḍaṣ kul n tmzgida n lkutubiya d igʷzman nns zɣ iɣʷrban ar tiqubba ttbnan s igʷzman n iẓṛan lli ur igaddan g uksay nnsn. macc iflwan n tmzgida zɣ tsga taminigt ttbna s lyajuṛ. d uɣʷrab n iming n tmzgida ittbna s tgʷzmin n iẓṛan imsasan s tẓuṛi tafalkayt. ɣ tagara n tska n tmzgida g uflla illa lyajuṛ bac ad ur tili taẓayt f iɣʷrban awd tigmmi n tẓallit ttbna s ɣikan, d uqsri d isaragn g igllayn ttbnan akkʷ s lyajuṛ.[27]

Tamyaddant
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa umamk n tmyaddant f wanaw n tmyaddanin n tmzgadiwin lli ittbnan g tasut n imuḥidn, ttbna s uẓṛu n ljir. s izwar tdl s tqṣṣart tawrḍit tamṛṛakcit, macc imrzutn d willi illan f uḥttu n wayda d tingmi, stin ad kksn taqṣṣart bac ad tban twuri n uẓṛu tamzruyt. tga tiɣzi n tmyaddant 77 mitru s tqubbit lli fllas illan, lli iɣzzifn awd nttat s 8 n mitru. kra iga tt tasga tmɣi ɣ wakal s ssas iggʷzn 12.8 n mitru. ar tt muqql tamyaddant zɣ ugʷmmaḍ n 29 n kilu mitr. ɣan af bahra ttawssan tg a illi ismkḍn zg tmatarin n Mṛṛakc akkʷ, tiɣzi ad nns illa fllas yan uslig unṣib lli isgdln ad ur tili kra n tska fllas iɣzzifn s tt intln (uggar n tɣzi n waddagn n tayniwt). zɣ gis ar ittall lmuddn ladan, s tsgiwin s kkuẓ t illaf f uflla n tmyaddant.

Illa g umamk n tmyaddant yat timit ilan g yat twẓut tamajgalt, d yan ixf ilan talɣa ann, f iggi n tqubbanit nns. g tmurt n lmṛṛuk akkʷ lant tmyaddanin tisgdanin zund amamk ann, s unuɣn s iɣuda s ṛṛcum n tsgiwin, d tskiwin ig mayan anaw n imurin sisn iẓlin.

F ixf n tmyaddant tlla tqʷbbanit. f iggi n tqʷbbanit ann llant twjjiwin n wanas iḍlan s urɣ, mḥadan t yat f iggi n yat ar ttimẓiynt s uflla, iklli igan tamyurt g tmzgadiwin n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. llan kigan n iwaliwn f tawjjiwin ann, nnan kra n iwaliwn mas gan t ɣ uzmz ann tin wurɣ, gnt akud ann kṛaḍ t twjjiwin waha, tis kkuẓt nnan mas tga tarzzift zɣ dar tmɣart n iɛqub lmnṣuṛ i tmzgida bac ad tfru abkkiḍ nns lli ɣ tṛẓa uẓum nns g wayyur n ṛmḍan kraḍt tmirin. tfka anaḍ nns bac ad tssfsi urɣ lli dars illan bac ad gis skrn tawjja tis kkuẓt.

Tnna tamacahut yaḍn mas kullu gant urɣ n tmɣart n ugllid ḥmad lmnṣuṛ asɛdi. tili yat tɣanimt n wanas f tsga n tqubbanit ann, ittyagal gis tizi ann ucnyal n tsgdant ilan aklu n wadal, ar t ittall lmuddn kra iga tt ass n ljamɛ, niɣ ussan n tfaskiwin d tffugliwin n usgd. g iḍ ar ttili tmyaddant f usid tili yat tawlaft bahra icnan.[28]

Tiwlafin n tmzgida n lkutubiya

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Timzgida n Iwis n Yusf

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
asarag n ugʷns n tinml n iwis n yusf g Mṛṛakc

Tlla tmzgida n iwis n yusf g tcrmt tazaykut, tdl s uqrmud adal tili taṣṣumɛit. ttbna tmzgida ad g tasut tis snat d mraw f ufus n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli iwis n yusf, tili assaɣ nns. tga tizi ann timzgida ɣ illa ljamɛ. macc tizi n imuḥidn ur tt gis yiwi yan iggr as imnɣi isxxurbu tt. yulls i tska nns ugllid asɛdi ɛbdllah lɣalb g tasut n sḍis d mraw, g uzmz n ugllid aɛalawi mulay sliman yulls i tska nns ibnu tt a llig tga tamaynut g tasut n tẓa d mraw, ibnu yas awd taṣṣumɛit. tkmml gis twuri ɣ usggʷas n 1919 niɣ 1920. attalls ad n uẓkka n tmzgida ikks kigan n tmitar lli as igan aẓuṛ, iklli tga ɣilad tmẓẓiy f iklli s tt inn tkka tmzgida tamzwarut, tasga twala lqblt idwr s kigan. ikka tt inn ɛbllah lɣalb awd nttan ibna tinml n iwis n yusf lli iḥadan i tmzgida. tkk tt inn gis tasdlist tg tinml ar gis aqran imḥḍaṛn ar tasut ad ɣ nella.

Taqubbit tamṛabṭit

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Tga inigi lli sul isuln g Mṛṛakc lli isulfn taẓuṛi n tẓkka tamṛabṭit. tlla tqubbanit tamṛabṭit g tsga tafasit n usarag n iwis n yusf ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut. ufanin imrzutn lli icnubbcn ɣ ugns n tɣrmt n zɣ usggʷas n 1948 kra n tsurin iẓlin s tɣrma n imṛabṭin g Mṛṛakc ar mmaln t mas tt inn ikka g udɣar ann cnubbcn ammas n tmzgida iḍfaṛn i tmzgida n ɛli iwis n yusf lli xʷlan imuwaḥḥidin (imuḥidn) tizi lliɣ kkusan tiɣrmt asggʷas n 1130. ig inigi f tannayt ad yat tuṛcimt ur bahra tli tifras lli illan f ixf n tqubbit, imrzutn nnan mas iga wassaɣ gis iṛcmn assaɣ n ugllid ɛli iwis n yusf.

tẓli tqubbanit s umamk lli tla, fkan as willi s tt ibnan yat tlɣa tunziɣt, tudmawin n bṛṛa n tqubbit lan ṛṛcum igan tiskt d talɣiwin irwasn titrit ilan sa ixfawn, ifalki ugnsu n tqubbit f tsga n iwalan iẓẓlmḍ d iffus nns snat tskin msasanin immrwasn g talɣa tisilt n wayyis, g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming falkin s snat tskin ibbin.

taqʷbbanit tamṛabṭit tga ɣilad yan udɣar n luḍu lli ibḍan f snat tdaliwin ttyafa asggʷas n 1948 ɣ yat tsga idrn zɣ udɣar g tlla tmzgida. tga amamk bahra ilan aswir nns, tg tamatart n umzruy n uẓkka n lmɣrib.

Timzgida n Lqṣbt

Timzgida n Lqṣbt

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

ar nn ttaggʷa tmzgida n lqṣbt f usays n mulay izid g usuk n lqṣbt g Mṛṛakc, tmlal i iɣrm n lbdiɛ. ibna t lxlift lmuwaḥḥidi iɛqub lmnṣuṛ g tagara n tasut tis snat d mraw, bac ad tg timzgida tamqqrant ɣ lqṣbt nns lliɣ illa nttan d inmɣuṛn nns. tẓli tska nns s umamk igan fɣnit ur illin ɣ tmzgidawin n lmɣrib akkʷ tizi ann. tg nn tmzgida ad taɣnnant ggutn d tmzgida n lkutubiya f uswir, d tṣṣumɛit n tmzgida n lqṣbt dars unuɣn sis iẓlin igan imaynutn g uẓkka amɣribi, urim ad usint akkʷ fllas kigan n tmzgidawin g lmṛṛuk. yulls i tmzgida ad agllid asɛdi mulay ɛbdllah lɣalb ḍaṛat ma ibbaqqi lxzin n lbaṛuḍ lli bahra yaẓn i tmzgida mayad imsar g uzgn n tasut sḍis d mraw. ilin ɣilad ismḍal n isɛdin bṛṛa n uɣʷrab n lqblt n iffus d wanna iran ad tn iẓṛ ass ad ar izray f tsga n tmzgida.

Timzgida n Lmuwasin d tmzgida n iflu n tdkkʷalt

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Ttbna tmzgida n lmuwasin (lli ittawssann s wassaɣ n tmzgida n igʷrramn) ɣ tasut n ugllid asɛdi mulay ɛbd llah lɣalb ngr 1562-1563 d 1572-1573. tlla tmzgida ad g usuk lmuwasin iga usuk ad agzzum zɣ yan wammas ismunn tasdlist d lḥmmam d tinml tamuslmt d yat tala mmu kraḍt tskwin ttawssan s ism n tala n lmuwasin. tala ad tga dar imzdaɣ kra ilan addur lli ufan middn ad zɣ gis ttagʷmn aman izddign, tṛcm s unuɣn d tirra tamslmt, tg tala ad tala bahra ilan atig g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc.

F tsga tlla tmzgida n iflu n tadkkʷalt s tagut, lli bnan akud ann nit lliɣ ttbna tmzgida n lmuwasin, tili awd nttat zund amamk lli tla tmzgida lqṣbt, mayad ar immal mas lan amamk ad bac ad ig yan wanaw n uẓkka lli s rad ttbnan iswak imaynutn, tizi lli ɣ rad smattin udayn zɣ usuk n udayn awintn s lmllaḥ amaynu yaẓn i lqṣbt.

timzgida d zzawit n sidi bn lɛbbas g mṛṛakc

Timzgidawin yaḍnin

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Llan tmzgidawin yaḍn g Mṛṛakc zun d : timzgida n iwis n ṣalaḥ, timzgida n brima, zzawit n sdi blɛbbas, zzawit n tgzult, d zzawit n ssi yusf iwis n ɛli, d tmzgida n ssi mulay lqṣuṛ, zzawit n ssi ɛbdllah lɣzwani, d tmzgida n tamṛwaṣut.

Taknist n imsgguyta igʷrramn

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn
agʷns n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit (lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn) Mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.

Tẓil lkanisa lli igan s wassaɣ : (lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn) s tutlayt tanglizit (church of the holy martyrs), tga lkanisa ad yat tfalkayt g uẓkka n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, tg yat zɣ taknisin lli ifulkin ɣ gr taknisin takatulikiyin g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc lli illan g tsga tamaynut n tɣrmt.[29]

Ttbna lkanisa ad takatulikit ɣ ddaw n ufrag n fṛanṣa g usggʷas n 1928, tẓil tẓkka nns tg yat tmuzunt lli d dar atig akswat, s wanaw n unuɣn iẓlin s tɣrma n lmṛṛuk d ddikuṛ iẓlin s fṛanṣa, tga lkanisa ad tamatart n tnzgit n tska lli igan tin tasut lli izrin.

Tnnuṛẓm iflwan nns i middn g usggʷas 1929. tili g giliz lli bahra ittamun s middn, g tuẓẓumt n tɣrmt, lkanisa ad tga tamatart n umsuruf d ufra lli illan g tmurt n lmṛṛuk ngr isgdan akkʷ.[30]

Ɣilad ar tsbrrak lkanisa ad s kigan n imallayn lli ranin ad ẓṛn agʷnsu nns, bac ad ẓṛn taẓuṛi lli s tɣuda g ugʷnsu nns awd bṛṛa nns, d ula ar sis kccmn wid ranin ad gis ẓẓalln, irin ad isunfu iman nnsn.[31]

Tiwlafin n tknist n imsgguyta igʷrramn
[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Lkanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa lkanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt g tuẓẓumt n usuk n udayn, ig ɛzṛat nacim (asfsr illa g tdala tanafllat) ɣ lkanis ad a illi gis iẓlin ig fɣnit, acku ar gis tzdaɣnt tmɣarin timɣribin g tmṣṛay imlaln i imi n lkanis n udayn niɣ kra n tmṣṛay yaḍn. ili yan ibrgmmi ilan ikʷlan n uzzgza d umlil lli igan ammas n umun n udayn, ammas ad ɣ tmma tinml n tlmud (ttawṛat) d yan usirm n imẓlaḍ. gn iṣmḍal n myaṛa iṣmḍal n udayn kullu mqquṛnin g lmṛṛuk, falkin iṣmḍal ad s iklu umlil d iṣmḍal n umlal, zdin iṣmḍal ad d lmllaḥ agʷns n tɣrmt tazaykut.

Illa ɣ Mṛṛakc awd lkanis tigmmi n il, d kanis bitun, d kanis taẓallit n bnḥas.

Iṣmḍal

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Iṣmḍal n igldan isɛdin

Iṣmḍal n isɛdin

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
unuɣn g Iṣmḍal n igldan n isɛdin

Ttbnan iṣmḍal n isɛdin g tasut tis sḍis d mraw gn iṣmḍal n igldan n isɛdin d tawja nnsn. llan f tsga n iffus n tmzgida n lqṣbt. isggʷasn ad izrin ur issn yan is llan allig tn ufan umrzutn ifṛanṣin asggʷas n1917 lliɣ sulfn idɣarn ann zɣ ignna. iṣmḍal ann smann ma ittggan 60 n imttin igan tawja n isɛdin lli igan s uẓuṛ asif n dra. illa uṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi d tawja nns, ittawmḍal lmnṣuṛ nttan d immis g usmḍl n tawja asggʷas n 1590 lliɣ ssimɣurn tasna n uṣmḍl amkkuẓ lli izwarn is illa lli ibna ɛbd llah lɣalb. gan amamk iẓlin i uṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi, lli ilan inuɣn s kigan, ur igi zund iṣmḍal n inṣayṛin g iɣrm azggʷaɣ g tɣṛnat n ṣṣbanyul. aṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi idl s usɣar n larz lli iṛcmn s unuɣn illan g snat d mraw n tsirit igan tin rrxam n kirara, d iɣʷrban nns llan tunuɣin tinzgay timslmin iṛcmn ɣ zllij, d tirra taɛṛabt igan unuɣn, d ṛṛcum n tuga illan f lgabṣ iṛcmn. ɣ tmṣṛit ann llan awd willi t bahra imlaln ɣ tawja nns, d inbaḍn nns, kigan n iṣmḍal ann lan inagan ibddnf tɣzi ganin rrxam. g tama n tmṣṛit ann llant snat tmṣṛay mqqurnin yat zɣ gisnt tkka tt inn tga tamṣṛit n tẓallit, ili gis lmḥrab, macc tawja taɛalawit tskr gis adɣar ɣ rad ilin ismḍal n tawja nnsn.

Iṣmḍal n sa irgazn

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Ttawssan Mṛṛakc s iṣmḍal n (sa irgazn), ar tddun middn ad tn ẓṛn kra igatt asggʷas g ussan ɣ tlla ‘ẓẓyaṛt’.

Sa n irgazn gantn: yusf iwis ɛli aṣnhaji, lqaḍi aɛyyaḍ, bu lqasm sshili, bu lɛbbas sbti, muḥmmad iwis n sliman agzuli, ssi ɛbd lɛziz tbbaɛ, ssi ɛbd llah lɣzwani. iṣmḍal ad nnsn gan ammas n zzawit nnsn, lli tnt igan: zzawit n ssi blɛbbas(ttawssan), zzawit n tgzult, zzawit n ssi ɛbd lɛziz, zzawit n ssi yusf iwis n ɛli, zzawit n ssi lɣzwani (lli ittawssann awd s wassaɣ n mulay lqṣuṛ).

Iṣmḍal yaḍnin

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Zun d tiɣrmawin n tasutin izwarn, Mṛṛakc awd nttat llan iṣmḍal n inmɣurn nns bṛṛa n tɣrmt, slahwan tt akkʷ ar tn inn ttafat mlaln i imawn n tɣrmtt. ilin awd iṣmḍal n iflu n lxmis, d iṣmḍal n ssi sshili, iṣmḍal n iflu n tɣmat lli bahra imqqurn, awd lmllaḥ n udayn iṭṭf aṣmḍl nnsn lli ittawssann s iṣmḍal n myaṛa.

Lmllaḥ

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa lmllaḥ n udayn(asuk n udayn aqbur), ɣ udɣar n lqṣbt g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tazaykut, iming n usays n birblantiṛ. ittbna asggʷas n 1558 ɣ ufus n isɛdin g yan unsa ikka tt inn iga axduc n isan n ugllid. azmz ann kigan zɣ n umun n udayn gan isbbabn d idbab n udrim, d idbab n tzuzaf, d isyyaɣn n urɣ d uẓṛf, gn ignnayn d imsaɣn n skkaṛ. g tasut tis sḍis d mraw, ikka tt inn lmllaḥ iṭṭf taliwin n waman d turtatin, ili gis lkanis nnsn d igadazn sisn iẓlin. allig d kcmn ifṛanṣin asggʷas n 1912, ur sul ufin udayn ad ssaɣn akal bṛṛa n tɣrmt, ar nit ittimɣur lmllaḥ, allig iga lmllaḥ illi iga ɣilad, lli mi ttinin ɣilad asuk n ssalam (afra), macc asuk ad maynu imẓẓiy f usuk n udayn azayku, tili gis lkanis nnsn lli igan s wassaɣ kanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt, tlla tssult i usarag (asays) n usuk ann.

Isalayn

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Llan kigan n isalayn g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc kra igatt asalay d tɣawsiwin isfsr:

Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid
Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid

Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa usalay n tgmmi n ssi sɛid lli ittawssan awd s usalay n tẓuṛi tamɣribit, iẓẓlmḍ n iɣrm n lbahya, mnid n uɣaras n ṛṛyaḍ n zzitun amaynu. ikka tt inn usalay ad iga iɣrm n ssi sɛid, gʷmas n bba ḥmad. gnt tɣawsiwin lli isman usalay ad tiɣawsiwin lli kulli ifulki g lmṛṛuk akkʷ, isman( tuzuzaf n waṭlaṣ mqqurn, d waṭlaṣ amẓyan, d iffus n yaggugn, d uẓṭṭa n lḥuz d win laṭlaṣ mqqurn, d lfnaṛat n zzit zg trudant, d idqqi azzgza n usfi d idqqi adal zɣ tmggrut, d tniḍi n ilm n Mṛṛakc). tg yat tgzzumt lli gis illa tad igan tazaykut bahra tṭṭf addur akswat, tagzzumt ad tga yan umda n rrxam ittawskar g umzwaru n tasut tis yan d mraw lli iwalan i uzmz n tnbaḍt tamawit tandalusit g ssbanyul.

Asalay amaziɣ n turtit n Majuṛil

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
Asalay amaziɣ n turtit n Majuṛil

Ar immal usalay ad i middn kigan n tgʷzmin d tmatarin timaziɣin d ifl umzruy, tilli iddrn g kra igatt adɣar g tmazirt n lmɣrib. zɣ iẓẓlmḍ d rrif ar tanzruft. smaynun asalay amaslm lli s tt inn ikkan illa g ul n turtit n majuṛil, bac ad yamu asalay amaziɣ, d irin ad ḥḍun tiɣawsiwin ad bac ad ilint f tɣarast n usfsr iklli kullu gan isalayn imaḍlann. tarabbut lli yurun taswingmt n usalay ad: slima naji lli igan taskant d tamyassant tantṛubulujit g ṛṛbaṭ, d ṛuman siminil lli igan awd nttan amyassan antṛubuluji ig amrzu g usinag n tnnurza d usbuɣlu ɣ ṛṛbaṭ, d ḥmad skunti iga awd nttan amyassan antṛubuluji g usinag anamur n tmassanin n isgʷlal d wayda g ṛṛbaṭ.

Ismaynu umnzag n uẓkka kristuf maṛtin asalay, ilqqm as sinugrafit, ig amamk yaḍnin ismnid gis asalay n if san luṛan g Mṛṛakc, lli d iẓṛa uggar n 65000 n ufgan, ɣ tama nns iga umassn n isalayn birun dalstrum aɣawas n usalay ad g dujanbir 2019.

S yat tsna igan uggar n 200 mitru amkkuẓ, ismnid usalay uggar n 600 n tgzzumt, lli immalan tasgiwin n tussna tamaziɣt g lmɣrib, tikaṛḍiwin d imgrad isnumln s tutlayin (tafṛanṣiṣt d tnglizit d tɛṛabt) d tiwlafin tifutugrafin d isura n laṛcif, d warratn igan asliẓiṛ bac ad awsn i inbgiyn n usalay iɣ rad ẓṛn maṛṛa ammasn n usalay.

llant kkuẓt tmṣṛay tisliẓiṛin: 1 - imaziɣn, 2 - tiwuriwin tizaykutin zun d ( timyurin, tiwuriwin n ufus, isfuglutn), 3 - tizuzaf ( asliẓiṛ n tzuzaf timaziɣin timɣribin), 4- timlsa ( aṛṛaḍn, aẓṭṭa, iflwan, imassn n uẓawan).

Asalay n Mṛṛakc

Asalay n Mṛṛakc

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa usalay n Mṛṛakc ɣ wammas azayku, g iɣrm n tgmmi n lmnbhi, ibnat lmhdi lmnbhi g umzwaru n tasut n simraw. tulls i tska nns s uḥṭṭu iggutn timrslt n aɛmaṛ bnjllun isdwr tt iskr gis asalay asggʷas n 1997. tga tgmmi s ixf nns amdya n uẓkka andalusi aklasiki, ilint taliwin g tuẓẓumt n usarag anammas, d idɣarn n igiwr izaykutn, d lḥmmam ilan tamslt iṛcmn d kigan n unuɣn. yan uɣʷdmmi mqqurn g usalay ad ( lli s tt inn ikkan tga yan usarag idln ɣilad s lblluṛ d lkttan) tlla gis yat ttriya mqqurn ttyagal g tuẓẓumt n tduli tga igʷzman n izuɣar iṛcmn s tirra. iḥḍa usarag ad kigan n tfras nns tizaykutin lli yad lli ila zɣ wass izwarn, d ula laḥwaḍ n wakal d unuɣn, ḥḍan tifras nnsn tamzwarut. isman usalay ad tiɣawsiwin lli d ifla umzruy amṛṛuki amaynu d uzayku, d kra n inzitn bdrn idlisn n umzruy d idrimn izaykutn d idqqi s ma ila lmɣrib n tussna tamaziɣt d mad fllas ikcmn zɣ tussna n waɛṛabn d tin udayn.

Asalay n Muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ i tɣrma n waman

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Ibna t ugllid Muḥmmad wis sḍis ɣ 5 innayr 2017 g ufus n iwis agldun Mulay Lḥasan, yuma usalay ad g tsna nns 20 n ifḍ n id mitru amkkuẓ, s uṭṭun n udrim ilkmn 163 mlyun n drhm. ig asalay izwarn g lmɣrib lli iẓlin s umzruy d tɣrma n waman g lmṛṛuk.

Tawlaft onnuṛẓmn usalay amaynu iẓlin s wayda tamɣribit g mṛṛakc g wass n n 23 f fbṛayṛ asggʷas n 2023 tama n jamɛ lfna

Asalay amaynu

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

g wass n 23 f fbṛayṛ asggʷas n 2023, tnnuṛẓm tmawast n tussna asalay amaynu lli ingabaln d usays n jamɛ lfna, ig usalay ad walli iẓlin s wayda adlsan amɣrbi arkmam, ig usalay ad yan umskti n wayda lli d iɣaman g mṛṛakc, ili usalay ad tama n mṛṛakc iẓḍaṛ ku yan ad t iẓṛ ismaqql tiɣawsiwin lli gis llanin.

Isalayn yaḍnin g Mṛṛakc

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
  • Asalay n tgmmi lbaca
  • Asalay n tgmmi n taṣṣuṛt g Mṛṛakc
  • Asalay n lmuwasin
  • Asalay n taskwin

Timrsal n uslmd d tussna

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Aslmd

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Llant g Mṛṛakc kigan n tsdawiyin d tinmal, zɣ gisnt tasdawit n lqaḍi aɛyaḍ ( lli ittawssan awd s wassaɣ n tsdawit n Mṛṛakc), ilin gis isinagn, asinag anamur n tmassanin tisnsin g Mṛṛakc (ensa marrakech), lli ittbnan asggʷas n 2000 zɣ tsga n tmawast n uslmd amajgal tẓli s umrzu anzgan d umassan, d tɣiwant n tmassanin d tatiknit lli illan ɣ giliz lli ittawssan mas tga tamzwarut ɣ lmɣrib. tili sub di gu n Mṛṛakc, lli ittawssan s wassaɣ n tinml tamajgalt n tsbbabt g Mṛṛakc, tga taɣiwant lli isbdd ḥmad bnnis asggʷas n 1987. tinml ad twala i tinml tamajgalt n tsbbabt g tuluz ɣ fṛanṣa, zɣ asggʷas n 1995 tga tinml ad kigan n tdrawin d iɣawasn d kigan n tsdawitin g mirikan, zɣ gisnt tasdawit n dilawiṛ, tasdawit n sant tumas, tasdawit n tsga n uklahuma, d tsdawit n lwis tanamurt, d tsdawit n timbl.

Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf)

Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf)

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Nnan warratn imzruyn mas tlla tlalit n tinml ad g uzmz lli iwalan imriniyn. agllid asɛdi ɛbdllag lɣalb ad yullsn i tska nns ngr asggʷas n 1565-1564. tg s tidt tfalkayt n tinmal timɣribin.

Tla tinml n bn yusf yan waddur akswat, acku tlla g usays n bn yusf, tasi kigan n tmatarin lli as d ifl umzruy tg inigi n tasutin ggutnin zrinin g umzruy, tg ul zwarn n tmdint n Mṛṛakc.

Rurn d isɛdin i usuk ad lliɣ gis bnan tinml s talɣa nns tamkkuẓt lli ilkm ɣ tsna 1680 n mitru amkkuẓ. f tɣzi n kkuẓ tasutin, tga tinml talli yurun kigan n imussann tg ula awttas n ku amlmad ira ad iɣr tili dars tussna, slahwantt akkʷ tussna n usgd. awd tga yan udm n uẓkka d imumak lli igan anaw lli s ẓlin isɛdin azmz ann, zɣ uɣdmmi n tinml ar ẓṛṛan middn yat tqubbit lli ɣ llan unuɣn n lgabṣ. ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag n tinml illa yan lḥuḍ, d issqfan g uflla nnsn timṣṛay illan g tdala tanafllat. tamṣṛit n tẓallit llan gis kṛaḍt tmsal ibḍa tnt sin imuɣad n isaran n rrxam. tili f tsga n ku iɣʷban ann s kṛaḍ tisksal n ukccuḍ, kkan tt inn gant tasdlisin n inlmadn n tinml.

asarag n Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf)

Tkka tt inn tga tinml n bn yusf lli illan f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tɣrmt tazaykut, taɣiwant tamslmt g Mṛṛakc, tla ism n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli bn yusf(1142-1106), agllid ad issimɣur aswir n tɣrmt ad, tg tinml ad nns tinml lli kullu imqquṛn g lmɣrib tg awd taɣiwant lli ilan addur g iẓẓlmḍ n tfriqt, ar gis yaqra uggar n 900 n umḥḍaṛ.

Ttbna tɣiwant ad g uzmz n imriniyn (tasut tis kkuẓt d mraw) g ufus n ugllid amrini bu lḥsn tzdi d tmzgida n bn yusf lli illan g tama nns. amun ad n tinmal ar isslmad iskkinn n usgd amuslm zund tinmal lli illan g fas d mknas d taza. issiwrrid ugllid asɛdi ɛbd llah ɣalb(1574-1557) ibnu tinml asggʷas n 1564 bac ad tg tinml lli kullu imqqurn ɣ lmɣrib. g usggʷas n 1565, ikmml tawuri lli s yumṛ ugllid ɛbd llah bn ɣalb, iklli immala ṛṛcm lli illan g tmṣṛit n tẓallit.

Asarag nns iga zɣ usɣar n larz d rxam d lgabṣ. iklli immala usgd amuslm, ur ilaq ad ilin ɣ unuɣn ṛṛcum igan udmawn n ufgan niɣ win imudar, gan unuɣn n tinml ɣas ṛṛcum n tirra n ddin d imumak inzgan. ikka tt inn iga muḥmmad lifrani (1745-1670) iga zɣ inmɣurn n islmadn n tinml. ittawqqan udɣar ad asggʷas n 1960, allig smaynun taska nns, innuṛẓm f middn bac ad ig tamatart tamzruyt g usggʷas n 1982.

Tasdawit n Lqaḍi Aɛyyaḍ

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Tasdawit n lqaḍi aɛyyaḍ (tasdawit n Mṛṛakc) lli ittbnan asggʷas n 1978, d asinag anamur n tmassanin tisnsin g Mṛṛakc (ensa marrakech) lli s tt iḍfaṛn, lli illan asggʷas n 2000, ig mayan tanyaft n tmawast n usslmd amajgal tẓli s umrzu anzgan d umassan, d tɣiwant n tmassanin d tatiknit lli illan ɣ giliz lli ittawssan mas tga tamzwarut ɣ lmɣrib. tamnhla n tsdawit tumẓ 13 n tmrsal g Mṛṛakc tansift lḥuz d ɛbda dkkʷala g lmɣrib ɣ kkuẓt tɣrmawin mqqurnin. awd qlɛa n isrɣinn d taṣṣuṛt.

Timsal n umzgun

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
tamsult tagldant n umzgun g Mṛṛakc

Tga tmsult tagldant g Mṛṛakc d usinag afṛanṣi d tgmmi n tacrift zɣ tmrsal imqqurn lliɣ a ttlmadn middn taẓuṛi n umzgun g tɣrmt.

tg tmsult tagldant, lli ibna umnzag n uẓkka atunsi caṛl bukara, ig as isaran, ar ismnid umsul ad timzgunin n taḍṣa d lubbiṛa d uḥwac afṛanṣi d waɛṛab. d ar ismnid kigan n isffuglutn i imallayn g isuyas n tɣrmt imqqurn d iswak g iḍ.

Isurad

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Llan g Mṛṛakc uggar n 124 n usarud (lḥmmam).

Assay

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Assay abrdan

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Ttawssan Mṛṛakc s tugtt n isudaf, ilin awd kigan n isnmuddutn d tmssudutin ɣ Mṛṛakc, zdin tiɣrt ad ngr tɣrmt ṛṛbaṭ igan amrnu n tgldit n lmɣrib lli illan g iẓẓlmḍ, d tɣrmt n ugadir s iffus, ggutn ibrdan inamurn lli issufuɣn zɣ Mṛṛakc s tɣrmawin yaḍn.

Azagʷz n Mṛṛakc Lmnaṛa

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Illa uzagʷz n Mṛṛakc lmnaṛa amaḍlan f tmyaggugt n 3 id kilu mitr f iffus n tagut n Mṛṛakc. tg yat tmrslt tamḍlant ar tsbrrak s kigan n imuddutn zɣ timizar n bṛṛa akkʷ. illa uzagʷz ad f tmattuyt n 471 mitru. illa ɣ uzagʷz ad sin n usbdud n inmmudda munn g yan wammas tili tayyaḍ tga tamaynut. llan isbdad ad s sin t1 / t2 f tsna n 42000 id mitru, ẓḍaṛn ad asin 4.5 n mlyun n inmmudda ku asggʷas. tiɣzi n uṛḍḍam tla 4.5 kilumitr d turrut nns tla 45 mitru. asbiddad n taylalin iẓḍaṛ ad yasi 14 n taylalt anaw n bwing 737 d kkuẓt taylalin anaw n bwing 747. asbdud n wallal ilkm ɣ tsna nns 340 n mitru amkkuẓ.

Asbdad n ubrid n uzzal

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Ittbna usbdad n wassay n ubrid n uzzal g usggʷas n 1923 llig illa ufrag afṛanṣi g lmɣrib, macc amrsl ad amaynu innuṛẓm asggʷas n 2008 bac ad yili g udɣar n uqdim. amamk nns usint zɣ mad d ifl umzruy n tmatarin g uẓkka n lmɣrib azayku.

Tilggʷit n wasif n tansift

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

tilggʷit illan f wasif n tansift, tga tilggʷit n uẓṛu bnantt imuḥidn (lmuwaḥidin) g tasut tis sin d mrawt tili g udɣar g tt inn tkka tlggʷit lli d flan imṛabṭin lli ixxurban. amamk nns ittawskar bac ad tg azzgr n wasif tizi ɣ gis inggayn ku asggʷas. tkka tt inn g umzwaru tla 15 n tskt, macc lliɣ ssimɣurn turrut nns tṭṭf 27 n tskt, d ar ssimɣurn tilggʷit ad tizi nna yuma wasif tmqqur turrut nns. iskan n tlggʷit ad lan ixfawn ur msadnin bac ad ili ɣ tiddas ɣ mnid n waman.

Asbdud n isnmudda n imi n dkkʷala:

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

iga yan usbdad n tmssudutin illan g tama iflu n dkkʷala  g mṛṛakc, tg asbdad lli kullu yuman s ussay g lmṛṛuk akkʷ, ilin gis  kigan n wammasn iẓlin s kra igatt tasga d kra igatt amuddu, ilin g ugnsu nns kigan n tizuɣa n tsbbabt. imlal usbdud ad i kigan n idɣarn lli ittawssan g mṛṛakc.

Isunn

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Igmamn

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
takaṛḍa n igmamn n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc
  • Bab Ahmr: Taggurt tazggʷaɣt ( s taɛrabt : باب احمر , s tafransist : la porte rouge ) illa tama n ugmmiw ageldan. Bab Ahmer iga agmam amnsay illan ɣ " La Médina " , Itussan s " daqqa merrakchiya"
  • Giliz: Agmam n Gueliz ( s taɛrabt : ڭيليز , s tafransist : Guéliz ) yussi yism nss zɣ Jbel Gueliz ( Adrar n Gueliz ) , illa ɣ ugafa utrim n lmdina taqburt .
  • Tiɣrmt tazaykut: Agmam n Lmdina ( s taɛrabt : المدينة , s tafransist : La Médina ) iga yan ugmam imqqurn d axatar n tamdint n Amurakuc . Lan gis bzzaf n imukan tmerritin . Uggar n 40 000 n inazuren xdemn gis .
  • Livrnaj: Agmam n Livernaj ( s taɛrabt : الحي الشتوي , s tafransist : L'hivernage ) iga yan ugmam n tamdint n Amurakuc . Illa ɣ iffus utrim n agmam n Gueliz . Lan gis villat d hotelat
  • Dawdiyyat: ( s taɛrabt : داوديات , s tafransit : daoudiyyate ) iga yat tuddurt li illan berra n ssur aqdim. Ismns amaddud iga "Lḥiy lmuḥmmadi".
  • Sidi yusf bn ɛli
  • Adwaṛ n lɛṣkṛ
  • Lmasira
  • Azli
  • Usun n iziki
  • Sukuma
  • Sidi Mbaṛk
  • Lmḥamid
  • Usun ṣṣinaɛi
  • Lmcwaṛ - lqṣbt
  • Targa
  • Ɛin iṭṭi
  • Lmasira
  • Lafaq
  • Nnaxil
asazzl niɣ amḥizwar n tmssudutin  g mṛṛakc

Tunnunt

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]

Tga Mṛṛakc tiɣrmt n tunnunt zɣ zik, ɣilad llant gis kigan n trubba n tkurt n uḍaṛ (tawjja n uḍaṛ) timɣribiyin:

  • Itri n Mṛṛakc
  • Lkawkab amṛṛakci
  • Asrir n tmuludit n Mṛṛakc
  • Asrir n ulambi n Mṛṛakc

Ili g Mṛṛakc awd annar n mulay ḥasan n umsizzl lli iɣzzifn 4624 id kilumitr, tsnnubga tifrkiwin n tsmɣurt n umaḍal n tmssudutin n tmallayt, d lfuṛmila 2 d tsmɣurt n atu - ji - bi, ar gis ittili awd lmaṛaṭun n Mṛṛakc.

Tga tunnunt n lgulf yat zɣ tunnunin lli ittawssann g tɣrmt, ilin gis 3 wannarn.

Tiram

[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]
lkas n watay s liqqamt

Anawn n tiram ɣ tɣrmt ad n Mṛṛakc iggut kigan, kigan n tiram nns ar tnt cttan middn bla rɣant, ili gis kra iga tt anaw n tɛṭṭaṛt ( ṛas lḥanut), lli igan tamunt n mraw n tɛṭṭaṛt: ttabl, lkṛwitt, isknjbir, lqqrfa, ififl asggan, lqrqum, d cuc wṛd.

Aylli s ittawssan unwal amṛṛakci bahra iga t taṭnjit tamṛṛakcit, d ṭṭajin amṛṛakci lli illan s tɣarast n tmizar n udrar issutln i Mṛṛakc, ar ssnwan ɣ taṭnjit tifyyi n ufunas niɣ tin izimmr niɣ tin waɣaḍ d wudi tili taɛṭṭaṛt nns, gn tt inn iggi n iɣd irɣan ar d tnu s imikk d imikk. ṭṭajin awd nttan ar gis ssnwan anawn n tfyyi d igumma ili taɛṭṭaṛt nns gnt inn iggi n trgin ar inwwa.

tawlaft n wanaw n tiram lli ilan isn n (taṭnjit) g mṛṛakc

Ar ssnwan ɣ ṭṭajin afullus d tfyyi n ufunas d tin waɣaḍ d tin izimmr awd anawn n islman, gn fllas lfakit zun d zzitun d llimun iṣyyṛn gnt inn ar inaw iggi n trgin. illa wanaw n ṭṭajin yaḍn llan gis igumma d lḥimẓ ilẓan. illa maɣ attggan i ṭṭajin ann udi bac aggis tili tmḍit immimn.

Lqimṛun d ufulls d tlbṛiwin yuman s llimun gant zɣ tiram lli s ittawssan Mṛṛakc. ar ssnwan ṛṛuẓ d zzaɛfṛan d zzbib d taɛṭṭaṛt d lluz.

d ssksu d nttan ar fllas tt ilin igumma iklli s ittawssan mas iga tirmt n middn g lmɣrib akkʷ.

Tili tbṣṭilt lli igan tuɣrifin yuman s ibrriwn n ufullus niɣ atbir lli inwan d lluz d lqrfa d tɛṭṭaṛt d skkʷaṛ.

Ili uskkif n lḥurriya lli as ttinin g Mṛṛakc tlla gis tfyyi inwan d lḥimẓ d tlintit d lfirmikili d tmẓḍit n maṭica, irwin d lqzbur d taɛṭṭaṛt d lmaɛdnus.

Tili lkfta (tifyyi ittẓḍan) d tasa, d umrqaz d uɣlal, d ilawan, lli zznzan id bu tiram g tuẓẓumt n usays n jamɛ lfna.

d tamimt s kra iga tt anaw tlla g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, zund tacbbakt (tamimt g tlla tɛṭṭaṛt d smsm d tammnt d lluz lli myarn middn ad s tt ssnwan g wayyur n ṛmḍan), niɣ tart s tɛjjint n lfilu d igumma iqqurn, d tciz kik s tiyni.

Tili tmyurt n lkas n watay lli igan tamyurt lli kullu ikkan tagldit n lmɣrib, tga awd tamyurt ad a illi bahra s ittawssan Mṛṛakc, illa maɣ ittawsmnid lkas n watay d liqamt d skkʷaṛ nttan d lbrrad nns niɣ ɣas lkisan waha.

Illa uẓmma n litcin lli s ittawssan jamɛ lfna g Mṛṛakc, llan wida izznzan aẓmma n litcin s ugudi.

Anzir awd nttan illa ɣilad ar inzza g idɣar n tmallayt d isnsa mqqurnin d tmṣṛay n yiḍ, bdrn warratn n umzruy mas tt inn ikka unzir ar inzza g igadazn ɣ tasut n imṛabṭin. ili timaḍ n udayn ar ssaɣn ar zznzan anzir g tɣrmt akud ann. ɣilad anzir ar inzza g idɣarn sis iẓlin.

Tiwlafin

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Aylli sis izdin

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Tamnaḍt n Mrrakc-Asfi
Tamaẓunt: Mrrakc
Timdinin Mrrakc · Lmcur Lqṣba · Ayt Urir · Amẓmiz · Taḥnnawt · Cicawa · Imi n Tanut · Qlɛat Sraɣna · Sidi Rḥḥal · Tamllalt · Taṣṣurt · Asfi · Sbt Gzula · Bn Grir · Sidi Buɛtman · Yusufiya · Cmaɛiya
Timnbaḍin d Tsggʷin Tamnbaḍt n Mrrakc · Tasga n Cicawa · Tasga n Lḥawz · Tasga n Qlɛat Sraɣna · Tasga n Taṣṣurt · Tasga n Rḥamna · Tasga n Asfi · Tasga n Yusufiyya
Tuṣkiwin · Tasdawit n Qaḍi Ɛyyaḍ · Azagz Manara n Mrrakc

Isaɣuln

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  2. whc.unesco.org/ar/list/331
  3. shillington 2005 talɣa 948
  4. 4,0 4,1 et 4,2 Talɣa:Ouvrage
  5. Source : Le climat à Marrakech (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles) Hong Kong Observatory [archive]
  6. Relevé météorologique de Marrakech-altitude: 406 m (période 1961-1990)
  7. CIA factbook, (2012) Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
  8. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4
  9. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4
  10. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-jemaa-el-fna-square-00014?RL=00014
  11. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4
  12. https://web.archive.org/web/20200729025105/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13226117
  13. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7
  14. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4
  15. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech
  16. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech
  17. https://www.hespress.com/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-162769.html
  18. https://www.urtrips.com/bahia-palace-marrakesh/
  19. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9
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  22. <1>https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-0</>
  23. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech
  24. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech
  25. <>https://www.menara.ma/article/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3</>
  26. <>https://fr.scribd.com/document/476574938/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9#</>
  27. <>https://www.almayadeen.net/investigation/911361/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%80%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9--%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86</>
  28. <>https://www.marefa.org/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9</>
  29. https://www.wikiwand.com/ar/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4)
  30. https://www.safarway.com/property/church-of-the-holy-martyrs_27988
  31. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4)